Richard III

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  • Created by: Heather
  • Created on: 18-01-18 17:40
What are the two opposing views of Richard III?
Monstrous child killing tyrant vs tragic noble hero
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IS there agreement among historians which he was?
No, there is a lack of agreement on his character- Unlikely we will ever know if he did murder his nephews,
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Why could he be described as the most controversial ruler England has ever seen?
No ENglish King has suffered wider fluctuations of reputation than Richard III
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What is his most extreme interpretation as evil?
Vilified as a ruthless master of intrigue, a callous murderer of rivals from the simple minded Henry Vi to his innocent nephews- A tyrannical, wicked ruler
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What is his most extreme interpretation as good?
He has been extravagantly praised as a man of admirable character who would have made a splendid King
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For development of Richard's reputation through historiography, who developed the Tudor myth?
Vergil, More, Hall and Shakespeare
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What kind of writing was there in the 18th C and an example of who?
Apologist writing, -Walpole
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Who created a debate in the 19th C?
Gairdner to Markham
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What has forwarded recent critical approaches?
The recent development of finding Richard's body in a carpark in Leicester.
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For the Tudor Myth, when was he writing?
Early 16th century
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What did he publish in 1534?
Anglica Historia
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Where did he come from and what were his views?
HE was an Italian humanist
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Why did he come to England?
He arrived for a patron and came to collect papal taxes- A high position
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Why did he write the historia?
At the request of Henry Tudor,
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What did Henry offer him for this?
Nothing- No patronage, so essentially no direct pressure for him to write certain things
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Why did he have to put a positive spin on the new dynasty?
As if he showed the monarchy in a bad light, it wouldn't be published
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For what purpose what Richard portrayed?
For a didactic purpse- A moral purpose to teach a lesson
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AS he wrote in terms of royal reigns, what kind of judgement did he made on each King?
A divine judgement, -Began in 14th C when Henry IV usurped the throne and killed Richard II- He was useless and very ill, -Edward IV, Yorkist usurper-Paid for his treachery for death of his sons by Richard III
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How was Richard III presented by God?
The most corrupted of the lot, and so was killed
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How was the birth of Henry VIII portrayed?
Seen as the perfect combination of York and Tudor houses to end this cycle of retribution,
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How did Vergil portray Richard in his condemnation?
Lust for power was hidden by innocnet words and actions, so was deceitful. Although, he also praises him for being a courageous fighter at the Battle of Bosworth, being an intellect, subtly of mind and cultural,
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What sources did he use to create this work?
So written sources such as the London Chroncies and Crowland chronicles, as well as interviewing people who lived at the time,
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How did he aim to portray Richard to conform to which image?
To conform to 16th C opinion rather than Tudor propoganda
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However, what does Dockray suggest about the sources Vergil used in comparison to what he was aiming for?
- Sources from Henry VII's period were hostile. -Vergil was a Renaissance historian of real quality- He consulted men who could remember into the period, showed himself nicely aware of conflict interpretations and attempted to find facts,
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Although what does Dockray suggest about the history he presented?
He did interpret English history in favour of Tudors
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What technique did Ross say Virgil employed and how?
A 'smear technique' when considering the King's psychology and motivation 'constantly suggested elements of deceit and dishonesty behind the facade of an outwardly correct and apparently well-intentioned public behaviour'
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What relation was Thomas More to Henry VIII?
Chancellor
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When was he writing?
Early 16th C
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What was the name of the book he wrote? Was it finished?
History of Kind Richard the Third, -Not finished, stops shortly after Richard has taken the throne,
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Why is his book not original?
He used Virgil's history alot- Not original,
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What is the main problems with his history? (3)
-Around 1/3 made up of speeches, -Satirical style, -Moral points through good story rather than historical accuracy, -
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Why does Dockray argue More's history was more influential than Virgils?
It had a massive impact on future views of Richard III,
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What does what historian suggest about Mores portrayal and historical image of him at the time?
Believed More's portrait very much reflected the historical image of Richard current in early 16th C,
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How did Hanham view More's History?
Regarded as literature rather than work of scholarship embodying the results of historical research, and in 1975 classed it as historical drama,
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Likewise, why did Hammodn dismiss it?
As ;little more than a treatise against tyranny'
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While modern rehabilitators have been inclined to pour scorn on More's history, what does Dockray argue?
He argues historians should at least give serious consideration to the possibility that More's characterisations and storyline are not only plausble but convincing,
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Who plagiarised Virgil in the mid 16th C,
Edward Hall
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However, give an example of how it was more propogandous with the portray of Richard III?
Portrayed as evil from the beginning- Almost from the day he was born- Planning to take throne through deceit,
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How did he present overthrowing of Richard?
Richard III was so bad he had to be overthrown- An exception to the rule you shouldn't overthrow King,
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Why was he justifying Henry Tudor for killing Richard?
Eye of 16th C political century- writing for Tudor dynasty,
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What did this hisotry do to Richard's image?
Deepened the hostile portrait bequeath to him and showed Richard deserved his fate
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Give a line from his book showing this?
'Thus ended this prince his mortal life with infamy and dishonour'
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Which two writers is Dockray talking about when he suggests both took over Hall's interpretation entirely?
Richard Grafton and Raphael Holinshed
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When was Willian Shakespeare writing?
End 16th C
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Who did he read?
hall and Holinshed
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Was his interpretation important?
He was an influential writer for modern conceptions, and intensified and made a most compelling representation
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In particular how did he paint Richard III as evil?
He was responsible for all political murders of the 15th C- HE killed Henry VI in 1471, his brother and the princes in the tower, as well as his wife,
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When was the play's first performance?
In early 1590s
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What is the debate around the Tudor myth?
Should we take it as fact or reject Tudor tradition?
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Where did the basis of the Tudor myth come from?
It is not invented or made up- Opportunistic writing after his death developed after his failure to estbalish a new dynasty
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Give the thre writers who created the basis of the Tudor myth?
John Rous, -Bernard Andre, -Peitro Carmeliano of Brescia
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What two works did John Rous create?
History of the Kings of England finished 1491 and History of the Earls of Warwick, or Rous Roll- Wrote during Richard's reign, but changed when Henry came to power
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How was Richard portrayed in the edited Rous roll?
As antichrist, a monstrous child bron with teeth and full head of hair, in which the pregnancy lasted 30 months,
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However, how was he portrayed earlier?
He was praised as being the best King ever
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Who was Bernard Andre to Henry VII?
He was an official historian who was writing what Henry VII wanted to about his success
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Who was Pietro?
A humanist scholar
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Are both reliable?
Accounts are bias and propogandous, showing evidence of Tudor view.
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What was Henry VII conscious to write?
An official account of why he killed Richard III so blackened his character,
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What writer provides a more trustworthy account of Richard III?
Dominic Mancini, the Usurpation of Richard III
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Where was he from and when did he come to England?
A Italian , -Around the date of Richard's coronation
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What information and opinions did he provide about Richard?
-At what point he decided to take the throne, -Was he repsonsible for the deaths of his nephews
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When did Mancini suggest Richard decided he wanted the throne?
After hsi brother died in 1483 despite becoming Lord Protector for Edward Vi and taking an oath,
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For the Princes of the Tower, who is his chif witness which makes it reliable?
Dr John Argentine, who was physician of the Princes while they were in the tower- Daily visits
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What did the physician report about Edward VI in the tower/
He feared for the death of Edward VI- He was very ill at the time.- Maybe natural causes
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What does Mancini suggest and the physicians view?
He refuses to speculate,
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While this is supposedly an outside view, why may it not?
It is likely his informants were close to Edward Vi and not Richard- View not of a disinterested outsider,
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Although, who suggests Macnini is the only strictly contemporary history of early substance?
Dockey
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Why does he view Mancini's work?
It is not impartial or objective, but hostile and critical
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What does Dockey suggest this is an anonymous continuation of ? what do both suggest?
Continuation of Crowland chronicle, -Both suggest that in Southern England the King was disliked as mistrusted in his own lifetime as ambitious, devious and ruthless politician,
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When was the Crowland chroncile finished?
April 1486- After coronation of Henry VII
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Did he live Richard?
No, he was in all the meeting with Edward IV. HE was pro-Tudor and anti-Northern
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What view did the GReat Chronicle of London portray of Ricahrd?
-London based view, -Showed general dislike and distrust for protectorate,
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For Richard and the North, what did Pollard say about his relationship with them?
The most over-mighty subject yet seen in an age of over-mighty subjects
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Which of the 20th C professional historians were most sympathetic to Richard> How did he portray him?
Myers, -Stressed Richard's loyalty to his brother, his popularity in the North and bravery in fighting
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Who suggested Richard was dependent on the North?
Ross
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However, what did Harrox suggest about Richard and the North?
His interests were never exclusively Northern- ambitious
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What was Richard's role in the North?
He settled feuds before Northern families and created a huge power base- Ran North for Edward IV,
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Why did the North support him at crucial moments?
Saw him as a route to power, wealth and privilege,
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How is the North one of his undoings?
Richard palces Northern politicians in key positions in the South- 'plantations'-Placed as Sheriffs in Southern areas who hated this,
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In 1485, how did York describe his death?
A 'cruel murder
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However by the 1490s what had this changed to?
He was a hypocrite and crookback
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in the 17th and 18th centuries, what debates began to increasingly take palce?
Debate with passionate opinion. More recently a balanced view has arrived.
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What did Sir George Buck write?
History of King Richard the Third
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What view did Buck aim to write for who?
He sought to provide a Northern view of Richard, a northern book for Northern people
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What did he argue about Richard?
That he had been badly treated
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Was this work important?
It became a prototype for all revisionist work to come
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Who also defended Richard in 'Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of Richard III?
Horace Walpole
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What did he suggest about Richard as the Duke of Glocuester?
He was a very loyal brother to Edward IV and backed him with everythung unlike his other brother
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However, when did Walpole change his mind and to what? and why?
1793 during French revolution- Walpole changed his mind, and it was likely he was an ambitious prince who would murder for power- SHows influence of what was going on at the time
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In the 19th C, how did late Victorian writers view him?
While they viewed all medieval kings as bad, he was particularly bad
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Who created a balanced view on him?
Sharon Turner
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How did she judge him?
She was judged as a product of his time, but still accused for the horrific mruder of the princes,
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For the high profile spat, which side was Gairdner and Markham arguing?
Gairdner- Tudor version, Markham- Blamed Henry VII for murder of Princes and believed Richard was innocent
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What did Gairdner say about the Tudor representation of Richard?
-Convinced of the general fidelity of the portrait of Richard which we have been made famiiliar, 'Can hardly be expected to weaken the conviction... that Richard was indeed cruel and unnatural"
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However, what did Markham suggest about Richard and his crimes?
He suggested Henry VII was responsible for the death of princes in the Tower, and cleared Richard of all crimes, in effect turning Tudor tradition on its head,
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What did he suggest about Richard and the image of him being a monster?
'Such a monster is an impossibility in real life'
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Although what does Dockray suggest about this interpretation?
Shows Richard to be whiter than white 'believed in Yorkshire'
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How have historians viewed both these views?
Considerable caution- Rejected Markham's excesses and Gairdner's over-reliance on Tudor tradition,
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However, like Gairdner in the 20th C, who compared Richard to Hitler? Expand?
Rowse. He took on baord the Tudor myth entirely, comparing Richard with Hitler, and found questionable parallels between Richard's government and Germany in NAzi rule,
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How found Richard guilty of ever crime attributed to him?
Seward
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How did Richmond describe Richard?
As 'the wicked uncle' who left 'experiencing politicians gasping'
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On the opposite end like Markham, hwo did Hicks present Richard?
Judged the king as an able, intelligent well organised man, a natural leader who was loved and generous to his retainers, and possessed charm
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For a balanced view, how did Wood present Richard?
Rejection notion he proved himself a calculating politican who pursued his own self interest, but a man who lacked political foresight, moving from one crisis to another,
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How did Pollard present Richard to bring the contemporary view of Richard?
the inner man must remain as enigmatic and elusive as ever. Even if he appears able, intelligent, self-confident, brave, generous and pious- No less evidence showing him a ruthless, politically ambitious and persoanlly ambitious,
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

IS there agreement among historians which he was?

Back

No, there is a lack of agreement on his character- Unlikely we will ever know if he did murder his nephews,

Card 3

Front

Why could he be described as the most controversial ruler England has ever seen?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is his most extreme interpretation as evil?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is his most extreme interpretation as good?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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