Richard III Exam- Richard's early years and involvement in politics and events up to 1471

INTRODUCTION

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Why is Richard's early life a real gap in historians knowledge?

There are few sources concerning Richard's youth,

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Why are there few sources concerning Richard's youth?

Due to the fact no one would have supposed Richard would one day become the head of his family, still less King of England

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Why are historians interested in investigating Richard's early years?

To explain Richard's later actions when taking the throne, seemingly out of character with his loyalty to his brother and his reign,

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PARA 1- EARLY YEARS 1452-1461

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WHen and where was Richard born?

Fortheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire on 2nd October 1452

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What number chld was he to Richard, Duke of York and his wife Cecily Neville?

11th child and youngest to survive infancy,

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What is the first source to comment on Richard III? Who wrote this source and why?

A poem concerning the Duke of York and his children, -Compiler of history of members of

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What was the comment about Richard in the poem?

'RIchard liveth yet'

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What does Gairdner state about this poem?

Richard was a sickly child whose life ws sometimes despaired of

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What does Baldwin state about the poems meaning?

Baldwin states that the writer is stating how Richard is alive unlike four of his brothers and one of hi sisters

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Is there anything from Richard's early life?

All of how Richard spent his early years, where he lived an whpo may have influenced him, is unfortunately lost,

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What does Kendall surmise about Richard and his movements across England in his chldhood?

He remained at Fotheringhay with Margaret and George, the two children nearest in age to him

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At what age does Kendall state Richard met his two eldest bothrs, Edmund and Edward?

Until he was 7

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At what age does KEndall state Richard ventured North

At the age of 9

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However, who dispproves of Kendall's theory?

Baldwin

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What does Baldwin state about Richard's early life and movements instead?

Baldwin states Richard was probably moved around at diffeent times to his fathers othr strongholds, coming together at Christmas and on great occasions until the political situation deteriorated,

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When did the politically tense times begin?

October 1459

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What happened in 1459 with the York family?

Richard oy York, his elder sons and his principal allies including Richard NEville, were forced into exile after they were confroned with an army

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What happened to Richard during this time?

Richard, now 7, was left behind. They were captured by triumphant royalists together with his mother and George under custody

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In 1460. Edward won a decisive victory with Warwick. After Richard was released from custody, what was his relationship with Edward like?

Edward visited Richard every day at Hereford after being released from custody,

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Why was there another Battle in 1460 in wakefield against the DUke of York by the Queen?

Th Duke of York returning from Ireland to London suprised everyone by declaring he was the rightful King. Warwick created a contract Henry would remain King for his lifetime and then cede the throne to York and his successors,

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What happened in the Battle of Wakefied?

The DUke of York, second son Edmund and Earl of Salisbury killed in battle against the Queen,

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How would Richard have viewed this?

Richard may not have understoof much of what happened, but would have been deeply affected- He lost his father, an Uncle an an elder brother.

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Where were Richard and which other sent for safety?

Utrecht in the Low Countries

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When was Edward victorious and finally declared King?

Marh 1461

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How were Richard and George trated as they made their way back to England?

They were treated as royalty as they made their way to Calais through Europe, enjoying celebrations

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When they arrived at Greenwich, what did Richard and Goerge do on meeting their brother? What did this show?

Thye knelt before their brother- Symbolic for a recognition of the power and success their brother had brought them

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PARA 2- END OF CHILDHOOD 1461-69

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Now brother of a King and second line to the throne, what was percieved for Richard's life before these changes?

Richard most likely to go into the church and end his days as an abbot or bishop

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In 1461/2, what four titles did Richard gain from Edward?

Knight of Bath, Order of the Garter, Duke of Gloucester and Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine

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Would Richard have undertaken these responsibilities in person?

He didn't undertake these responsibilities in person: his royal brother appointed deputies and experienced men who would act for him

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However, who disagrees with this? What does he state Richard was involved in?

-Kendall, -Richard rode to Leicester wearing full armour leading a body of men to subdue pockets of resistance to new government

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Was Richard given more titles by richard before 1469?

Yes, such as the Lordship of Richmond in Yorkshire, however none were permanent,

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Why did Richard Duke of Gloucester not keep these long term titles given by Edward based on other Lords?

King Edward was mindful of his litle brother and was planning to endow him, however, Edward's problem was trying to endow Richad without damaging the interests of his other Lords

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What is another reason why Richard didn't keep these titles, particularly the Lrodship fo Richmond due to Clarence?

Richard was also given titles, such as the Lordship of Richmond. However, Clarnece was not happy and jealous, and led Richard to be stripped of his title to appease Clarence,

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What was the income gained from Richard's estates like? Could he own his own household?

His sums from his estate did not give him a great sum for a royal duke. Richard owned his own household but Edward covered most of the expenses,

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In 1465, what did Edward do with Richard to appease Warwick when he married Elizaebth WOodville?

Richard ws tutored by the earl and finished his education in the household of Warwick

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PARA 3- EDWARD PROMOTIONS

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SInce Edward's problem was providing Richard with an endowment without damaging the interests of his other Lords, what event allowed for this?

Warwick's rebellion

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WHo did Warwick kill when attempt to take Wales? What happened to these titles?

-Duke Herbert, -Instead of Warwick taking these titles, Edward gave them to Richard,

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What were the three titles he gained from the Duke of Herbert's death?

1) Duke justiciar of North Wales for life, 2) Chief Steward of the duchy of Lancaster lordships in SOuth Wales, 3) Chief Steward of the principality of Wales and earldom of March

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What title did Richard also gain in October 1469 due to what actions by Warwick?

-Constable of England, -In succession to late Earl Rivers who Warwick also executed

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How does Edward show his trust for Richard by giving him this title?

It carried enormous legal and social responsibilities, with the authority to presie over treason trials

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What position did he also gain from Edward in Augus 1470 and for what?

-Warden of the West MArches towards Scotland, -He helped tackle Nrothern rebellions with Edward

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Who had this position previously?

It had been held in the Neville families for years and was held by Warwick

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In May 1469, what titles did Richard gain as a member of royalty?

He was given a collection of duchy of Lancaster land, including the Lordships of Clitheroe, Liverpool and Halton

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His intrusion into the North West here was resented by who and why?

-Stanley family, -They had steadily been acquiring hegemony here and many of his lands had formerly belonged to them

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Did Stanley give these lands willingly when Richard gained these titles?

No- In noemebr 1469, Stanley had been ordered by Edward to pay all the sums due to Richard from his new duchy of Lancaster appointments

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What problem did Richard get involved with concerning the Stanleys? Who was it against? What happened? When did it start?

Harrington v Stanley problem- Lord Harrington and his son killed in 1460 Battle of Wakefield, -Stanley gained wardenship of the two daughters to marry his sons and rcieve the Harrington Estate, Hornby, -Uncle refused this, -Not achieved by 1469

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What is Richard's relationship like with the Harrington family in 1470?

-He had good relations, -March 1470 Richard Duke of Gloucester was a guest of the Harringtons at Hornby

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With Richard taking an active interest in the case, what happened to his feud in terms of who knew about it?

A local feud took on national significance

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Warwick anticipated that Stanley would profit from removing Edward. Was this the case?

When being pursued by Edward, Warwick and Clarence didn't mamage to secure Stanley's support as he was too busy dealing with Hornby. When Wariwkc return to England in 1470, Stanley supported Warwick

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PARA 4- EXILE AND RETURN

PARA 4- EXILE AND RETURn

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What did RIchard do when Warwick and Clarence fled South?

He pursued them, and raised men in Gloucestershir and Herefordshire against the traitors,

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Where does Richard go when Edward flees and when?

Richard joined Edward when he fled his kingdom in Octobr 1470

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Where do they take refuge?

In Burgundy with the Rivers' family and Hastings,

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What age was he when he fled England?

He turned 18,

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What did this flight from England mean for Richard and his position?

His promising career was brought to a premature end in the flight of his brother

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For the next 7 months, what experiences did Richard and Edward share?

Through the next 7 months, he was to share the dangers and hardship of exile, until they returned together

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When Edward and Richard returned and buit an army from their supporters, Clarence returned to make amends. Who documented this appeasement between brothers?

Polydore Vergil

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What did Vergil state about Richard's role in this appeasement?

Despite being no lvoer of Richard, Vergil stated Gloucester was given a prominent role in evnets 'as thought he had been appointed arbiter of all controversies'

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What was the result of this appeasement?

The three brothers embraced- There was general rejoicing and the two armies joined,

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PARA 4- BATTLES

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What were the two major battles that occured and who were they between?

1) Battle of Barnet April 1471 between Edward and Warwick, 2) Battle of Tewkesbury May 1471 Edward and Somerset and remaining supporters of Warwick

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Why was the Battle of Barnert important to Richard?

It was his first major battle

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Are there any records on Richard actions at Barnet?

No contemporary chromicler records his actions but the Arrivall of King Edward IV and a Burgundian Chronicler Jean de Wavrin

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What does the Arrival state about Edward's victory?

He ascribes Edward's victory to the 'faithful, well-beloved and mighty assistance of his fellowship'

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What does Jean de Wavrin state about Richard and the battle?

HE describes RIchard as bearing the brunt of the stuggle alongside his brothers

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While the Croyland Chronicle and others have no mention of Richard and the battle, what two bits of evidence suggest he was in the midst of fray at Barnet?

1) Edward gave Richard a key positio in the Baattle of Tewkesbury less than 3 weeks later, 2) Richard's religiosu foundations at Queen's College Cambridge in exchange for 4 priests to say prayers for souls of men who died in Richard's army service

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Why was the Battle of Tewkesbury important for Richard?

It was Richard's first Command

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What was he put in charge of?

In charge of the royal vangaurd

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What does the Arrivall chronicle state about Richard's importance in the battle with helping Edward?

Richard came to Edward's resuce in the nick of time against Somerset; Edward 'with great violence put them up the hill, and so also the King's vanguard, being in the rule of the duke of Gloucester'

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What does Hipshon state about Richard and these battles?

Richard had been loyal, brave, effective and indispensable

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What does Seward state about Richard and these battles?

Richard saw most of Edward IV, fighting at his side, learnign how to make and keep alllies,

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What was Richard taught by Edward from these battles?

His brother taught him alto- In war to move fast and the value of engaging ones opponent as soon as possible,

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What was Richard taught by Edward from the government?

How to treat local or personal loyalties with the most delicate consideration, to reward magnates with new titles and to manipulate parliament and the law of the land

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PARA 5- EDWARD HATCHET MAN?

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Clearly loyal to Richard, what do some historians state about the extent of Richard's loyalty based on killing?

Gloucester has other claims to being his brothers hatchetman- He was accused of being personally responsible for the deaths of two kinsmen in 1471- The Prince of wales and King Henry VI

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1) Edward was killed by Richard

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Who was the first to accuse Richard of Prince Edward's murder? What does Vergil state about who assisted him?

-Vergil, -He killed Prince Edward together with Clarence and Hastings

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What does Hall state about how Prince Edward was killed?

Edward offered 100 pounds for the boy dead or alive, though promising hat if not yet dead, his life would be spared. On being delivered to Edward 'they that stood about (Clarnece, Gloucester, Hastings) suddenly murdered the Young Prince',

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While both these sources are Tudor in origin, why might they be persuasive based on oral tradition?

Evidence can be handed down in verbal form for a suprisingly long time e.g. Vergil spoke with men who had actually fought at Tewkesbury

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Why also might Richard have done it based what new role given by Edward?

He had the capacity as Constable of England, which carried authority to conduct and presie over treason trials,

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2) Edward not killed by Richard

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What contemporary English sources comment on this?

1) Commynes, 2) Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV

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What did Commynes state about Edward being killed?

'Prince of Wales was killed on the battlefield'

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What did Historie of the Arrival of Edward IV state about Edward being killed?

'Edward, called Prince, was taken, fleeing to the townwards [of Tewkesbury] and slain in the field'

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Overall, what does Hipshon state about Richard and his role in the battle?

Hipshon doesn't mention this, but describes Richard's role in battle as 'loyal, brave, effective and indispensable'

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Likewise, what does Seward conclude about Richard and the Prince?

Cocnludes modern opinion generally acquits his involvement in the murder,

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3) King HEnry was killed by Richard

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What two contemporary sources state Richard was involved in the murder of Henry VI?

-Great Chronicle of London, -Commynes

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What does the GReat Chronicle state about Richard's involvement with henry?

Concerning the death of henry 'the common fame then went that the duke of Gloucester was not all guiltless.'

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What does COmmynes state about Richard's involvement?

'The Duke of Gloucester, Edward's brother, who later became King Richard, killed this good man [Henry] with his own hands'

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What Tudor writers also states Richard killed Henry?

Vergil and Hall

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Why also might Richard have done it based what new role given by Edward?

He had the capacity as Constable of England, which carried authority to conduct and presie over treason trials,

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4) King Henry not killed by Richard

4) King Henry not killed by Rchard

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What is one argument that RIchard didn't kill Henry based on his religious beliefs?

Richard was pious- No one was more impressed with Henry VI than Richard Glgoucester, who himself came to beleive Henry Vi was a saint

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What does the Histories of the Arrivall of Edward state about how Henry died?

He died out of pure displeasure and melancholy

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What di other early sources note about the death of Henry?

They don't name anyone as being persoanlly responsible

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Who is the only person with the authority to give the order?

King Edward IV

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Overall, what does Hipshon state about Tudor chroniclesand Richard's involvement?

Both strongly hint at Richard's involvement in the old King's mirder and this became a common place in the Tudor story ,

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However, why does Hipshon state these Tudor stories are irrelevant?

Only Edward could have sanctioned and ordered the execution

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However, whaat does Seward state about Richard's involvement?

No doubt at all Gloucester was implicated in Henry VI's deth- He was definitely in the Tower

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Richard III Exam- Richard's early years and involvement in politics and events up to 1471

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