Revolution in medicine

?
Germs and microorganisms were discovered in the early
17th Century
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Scientists thought that these microbes were caused by decaying matter known as
Spontaneous generation
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Who proved that germs were in the air
Louis Pasteur
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How did Louis Pasteur show that germs were in the air
Sterilised water in a CLOSED flask stayed sterile while water in a OPEN flask bred germs
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Louis Pasteur published his germ theory in
1861
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What did Louis Pasteur argue
Microbes in the air caused disease and he also suggested that some germs caused disease
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Pasteur’s discovery was helped by the invention of
The microscope
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Robert Koch built on Pasteur’s work by linking
Specific diseases to particular microbes
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The technique that linked specific diseases to particular microbes was called
Microbehunting
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Name two bacteria’s that Koch identified
1. Tuberculosis 2. Cholera
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Name some of his revolutionary scientific methods
1. Microscopes 2. Photography 3. Agar jelly 4. Colour dye
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Pasteur developed vaccines for
1. Anthrax 2. Rabies
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What did Koch’s methods help
It helped microbehunters find and combat other bacteria’s that caused diseases
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Who created the first magic bullet
Paul Ehrlich
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What was the first magic bullet called
Salvarsan 606
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What was identified as a natural defence mechanism of the body against germs
Antibodies
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What were antibodies knows as due to them attaching thereselves to specific microbes
Magic bullets
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What year did Ehrlich set out to find chemicals that could act as synthetic antibodies
1889
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What did Ehrlich believe certain dyes could do
Stain specific bacteria’s then perhaps certain chemicals could kill them
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What year did they discover several magic bullets
1914
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Name three magic bullets and what they killed
1.Methylene blue= malaria 2. Trypan red= sleeping sickness 3. Salvarsan= syphilis
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What did the germ theory lead to
Introduction of new vaccines, antiseptics and government intervention into public health
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Name the three bug killers in surgery
1. Pain 2. Infection 3. Blood loss
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What did anaesthetics solve the problem of
Pain
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What two natural drugs had been used for a long time as anaesthetics
1. Opium 2. Alcohol
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Who identified nitrous oxide as a possible anaesthetic
Humphrey Davy
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What year was nitrous oxide identified in
1799
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Who experimented with other chemicals that could be used as an anaesthetic for childbirth
James Simpson
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What did James Simpson discover
Chloroform
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What year was cholorform disscovered
1847
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How did anaesthetics lead to an increase in death rates
Longer and more complex operations meaning operations were taking longer resulting in infection and death
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What were the unhygienic methods of surgery
1.Didn’t starlike instruments 2. Didn’t change operation clothes 3. Operated in patience’s houses which were usually dirty
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What’s an antiseptic
Method used to kill germs
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What’s an asepsis
Method used to stop germs before they come about reducing the need for antiseptics
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What did Joseph Lister discover
Carbolic spray
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What did carbolic spray reduce
Infection
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How did the germ theory help Listers discoveries
He used carbolic spray to sterile his instruments and bandages
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What did asepsis reduce the need for
Nasty chemicals
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What were three methods of making a aseptic environment
1. Filtered air 2. Worker clean clothes and washed their hands 3. Sterilised their equipment with hot steam
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Name three reasons for poor living conditions and bad public health
1. Overcrowded and cramped 2. Mouldy and damp rooms 3. No toilet (privy) in the ground
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What year did the cholera epidemic hit Britain
1832
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How did cholera spread
When bacteria got into drinking water
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What did most people die from caused by loss of water and minerals
Dehydration
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What was the first main belief that they thought caused cholera
Miasma
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What three dates did cholera return
1. 1848 2. 1853 3. 1865
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Who published a report on poverty and health
Edwin Chadwick
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What year did he publish his report
1842
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What did the report show
That living conditions in the towns were worse than the countryside
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What did the report suggest that the government should do
Pass laws for proper sewage and drainage systems
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What did Chadwick report and the return of cholera put pressure on the parliament to do
Pass a public health act
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The 1848 act set up a
Central Board of health
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It could only be set up if the
Tax payer agreed
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Why was it not very successful
Many towns did not set one up or if they did they refused to put money into it
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Who showed that there were a connection between contaminated water and cholera
John snow
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When was this discovery
1853
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How did he dissolver this connection
He took the handle of a water pump in broad street London where there was a high death rate resulting in people going else wear for water
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In what year did hot weather cause rivers water levels to drop and bacteria to grow
1858
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What was this known as
The great stink
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What year did they create a sewage system
1865
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What did this sewage system do
Allowed waste to be transported away from heavily populated areas
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What year did the government take action to improve public health
1870s
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Why was the second public health act more effective
It was compulsory
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What year was the compulsory second public health act
1875
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Scientists thought that these microbes were caused by decaying matter known as

Back

Spontaneous generation

Card 3

Front

Who proved that germs were in the air

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How did Louis Pasteur show that germs were in the air

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Louis Pasteur published his germ theory in

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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