Restoration Explanations

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Who proposed that SWS & REM had different functions - SWS enables body repair & REM enables brain recovery?
Oswald
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Growth hormone is secreted during SWS (stimulates growth & is thus important during childhood - also important in adulthood as it enables ------- synthesis & cell growth to take place.
Protein
2 of 32
Protein synthesis & cell growth is vital in the restoration of body tissue as proteins are fragile & must be constantly renewed - this constant restoration of vital proteins is part of the body's natural -------- process.
Recovery
3 of 32
Growth hormone is secreted in pulses through the day but a significant amount is released at night and mainly during ---.
SWS
4 of 32
Who found that, when sleep-waking cycles are reversed by 12 hours (person goes to sleep in morning and gets up at night), the release of GH with sleep is also reversed? Shows that GH release is controlled by neural mechanisms related to SWS.
Sassin et al
5 of 32
Research found that the amount of growth hormone released correlates with the amount of --- & the decline of growth hormone in older age has also been associated with reduced ---.
SWS
6 of 32
Who found that lack of SWS is associated with reduced functioning of the immune system - the body's system of defence against viruses and bacteria?
Krueger et al
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The immune system consists of various protein molecules - ---------- - which are regenerated during cell growth and protein synthesis in SWS.
Antibodies
8 of 32
Who suggested the amount of REM sleep in any species is proportional to the immaturity of the offspring at birth? (the platypus is immature at birth & has 8 hours of REM sleep a day, whereas the dolphin can swim from birth & has almost no REM sleep).
Siegel
9 of 32
Who suggests that REM sleep allows for a break in neurotransmitter release which in turn permits neurons to regain their sensitivity and allow the body to function properly?
Siegel and Rogawski
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-------------- drugs, such as MAOI's, aim to increase the levels of neurotransmitters of the monoamine group (like dopamine & serotonin) - a side effect of MAOI's is that they abolish REM activity completely.
Antidepressant
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One suggestion for why MAOI's abolish REM activity is that the two are linked - the increase in ---------- means that monoamine receptors don't have to be revitalised & therefore there's no need for REM sleep.
Monoamines
12 of 32
Who proposed that during REM sleep, unwanted memories are discarded, thus making more important memories accessible?
Crick and Mitchison
13 of 32
Evidence currently suggests that REM may be important in the ------------- of procedural memory (skills like riding a bike), whereas SWS is important for the ------------- of semantic memory (knowledge & meanings) & episodic memory (events).
Consolidation
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If sleep has an important restorative effect, then sleep deprivation should have clear consequences - research shows that REM sleep and SWS are -------- but this isn't true of all sleep.
Critical
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Cases (such as the American DJ, Peter Tripp) suggest lack of sleep doesn't always result in long-term ------ & that there's no need to recover anything like the amount of sleep that was lost.
Damage
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Who found that when participants have been deprived of sleep for more than 72 hour while being closely monitored, they invariably had short periods of microsleep while awake? (EEG recordings show that microsleep is the same as sleep).
Williams et al
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Various studies of non-human animals suggest that sleep deprivation may have ------ consequences.
Fatal
18 of 32
Who forced rats to remain physically active by rotating a disc that they were standing on whenever the rat started to go to sleep? After 33 days all sleep-deprived rats died. (It's possible that stress rather than lack of sleep was the direct cause).
Rechtschaffen et al
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Who conducted a similar experiment to Rechtschaffen et al's with pigeons and found that the pigeons suffered no ill effects?
Rattenborg et al
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The effects of partial sleep deprivation may lead to what's called 'REM -------' - the need for more REM sleep after a night deprived of REM sleep. When someone's deprived of sleep there's not the same effect, it only appears related to REM & SWS.
Rebound
21 of 32
Who woke sleeping volunteers as soon as their eyes started to dart about and found that they had an increased tendency to go into REM sleep when they went back to sleep and, on recovery nights, the amount of time in REM increased (50%)?
Empson
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Who demonstrated SWS rebound effects using acoustic stimulation which suppresses all SWS sleep by arousing a participant whenever their EEG appears to be going into deep sleep/SWS?
Ferrara et al
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A second consequence of 'sleep as restoration' is that increased physical exercise should lead to --------- sleep in order to restore the proteins and biochemicals used, which appears to be the case in some studies.
Increased
24 of 32
Who found that runners in a marathon race slept for about an hour more on the two nights following the race? SWS increased in particular, which fits the view that NREM sleep appears to be more associated with physical recovery.
Shapiro et al
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Who gave participants numerous exhausting tasks to see if this increased their sleep duration, but found it didn't? Participants went to sleep faster than usual but not for longer.
Horne and Minard
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The study of sleep deprivation is generally restricted to case studies/observational studies of a small group of participants - the main difficulty with this is that such participants are likely to be ------.
Unique
27 of 32
Who stayed awake for 201 hours, even performing live on his radio show during his 'wakeathon'? 3 days = unpleasant & abusive. 5 days = hallucinations (spiders in his shoes) & paranoid (food was being drugged) - after 24 hours of sleep he was fine.
Peter Tripp
28 of 32
Who stayed awake for 260 hours (11 days) & displayed no significant psychotic symptoms during his epic period of wakefulness & appeared perfectly normal after a lengthy sleep?
Randy Gardner
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IDA - The main alternative to restoration theory is the ------------ approach & it can account for facts that can't be explained by the restoration approach (e.g. why don't dolphins need REM sleep?)
Evolutionary
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IDA - Sleep patterns may be related to the process of evolution - ------------ pressures lead to differences in sleep patterns in different species.
Environmental
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Who suggests that the more we know about the sleep patterns of other species the more it becomes apparent that environmental pressures rather then restoration provide the key to understanding sleep?
Young
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Growth hormone is secreted during SWS (stimulates growth & is thus important during childhood - also important in adulthood as it enables ------- synthesis & cell growth to take place.

Back

Protein

Card 3

Front

Protein synthesis & cell growth is vital in the restoration of body tissue as proteins are fragile & must be constantly renewed - this constant restoration of vital proteins is part of the body's natural -------- process.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Growth hormone is secreted in pulses through the day but a significant amount is released at night and mainly during ---.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who found that, when sleep-waking cycles are reversed by 12 hours (person goes to sleep in morning and gets up at night), the release of GH with sleep is also reversed? Shows that GH release is controlled by neural mechanisms related to SWS.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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