Restless Earth

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  • Created by: KateStoc
  • Created on: 27-11-16 12:12
Name the layers of the earth from the centre outward.
Inner and Outer Core made of solid iron nickel. The Mantle made of semi-molten rock. The crust (20km thick). The crust is broken up into tectonic plates.
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State 3 differences between oceanic and continental crust.
Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. Continental crust is older than oceanic crust.
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In 4 sentences, describe how volcanoes are formed at destructive plate margins.
An oceanic plate is subducted under a continental plate. Heat and friction melt the oceanic plate as it is being subducted. Molten magma then rises through cracks in the surface. A Composite Cone Volcano is formed with layers of ash and lave.
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In 4 sentences, describe how volcanoes are formed at constructive plate margins.
Two plates move away from each other (e.g mid-Atlantic Ridge). In the gap between magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap. This cools, creating a Shield volcano with gently sloping sides.
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In 3 sentences, describe the formation of fold mountains.
Fold mountains occur when two plates meet at a destructive plate margin. Sedimentary rocks from between the two plates are folded and forced upward to form mountains. An example of Fold Mountains are the Alps in Central Europe.
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Name 3 landforms found at destructive plate margins.
Ocean trenches, composite cone volcanoes, fold mountains.
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Describe 4 ways in which humans use fold mountainous areas.
Farming- Goats for milk e.t.c, terraced vineyards. Tourism - Skiing in winter, walking in summer. HEP - 60 % of Switzerland's electricity. Mining- Salt, iron ore, gold, copper, silver.
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What is an ocean trench?
Ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor near the subduction zone of two plates.
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Describe the distribution of volcanoes around the world.
Most volcanoes are located on or near plate boundaries. Two thirds of the world's volcanoes occur around the outside of the Pacific Ocean, known as the 'Pacific Ring of Fire'. Some volcanoes occur away from plate boundaries, e.g at hotspots (Hawaii).
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How do scientists predict volcanoes?
Seismometers are used to detect earthquakes (that often come before an eruption).Thermal imaging can be used to detect heat around a volcano. Gas samples may be taken and used to measure sulfur levels (which increase prior to an eruption).
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In 3 sentences, describe the formation of supervolcanoes.
Magma rises up through cracks but cannot get to the surface, causing a bulge.The bulge cracks and lava escapes through vents, along with rocks and ash. The magma basin empties and collapses, leaving a Caldera.
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Characteristics of a Supervolcano.
Flat. Cover a very large area. Have a Caldera.A ridge of higher land around it
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Global Consequences of a Supervolcano eruption.
Thousands of cubic kilometers of rock, ash and lava. Thick cloud of super-heated gas killing everything within tens of miles. Possible mini ice-age from blocked out sun. Ash will cover hundreds of square kilometres.
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What is a tsunami and what causes them?
Tsunamis are a series of fast-traveling, enormous waves created by an underwater disturbance such as an earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption, or meteorite.
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Name 4 primary impacts of the Montserrat Eruption.
Large areas covered in ash. Two thirds of homes were destroyed by pyroclastic flow. Schools, hospitals and the airport were destroyed. 19 people died and 7 were injured.
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Name 4 secondary impacts of the Montserrat Eruption.
Fires destroyed many buildings, incl. government offices and police HQ. Tourists stayed away and businesses were destroyed, disrupting the economy. 3/4 of the inhabitants have left. Soil fertility improved due to ash. Tourism is up due to the volcano
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Name 4 short-term responses of the Montserrat Eruption.
People were evacuated to the north. Shelters were built to house evacuees. Local emergency services provided support units for search and rescue. The UK provided £17 million of emergency aid.
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Name 3 long-term responses of the Montserrat Eruption.
A exclusion zone is in place around the volcano in the south. The UK has provided £41 million to develop the north. The Montserrat Volcano Observatory has been set up to try and predict future eruptions.
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Name a Case Study of a Volcanic Eruption
Soufrière Hills. Montserrat is a small island in the Caribbean Sea. 25th of June 1997 (small eruptions since July 1995). Above a destructive plate margin (North American plate subducted under the Caribbean plate).
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What causes earthquakes?
Tension builds at plate margins and fault lines, sudden movements send out shock waves from the focus.
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What is the difference between the focus and the epicentre?.
The focus is the point within the earth where seismic waves originate; it is centered on the part of the fault that has the greatest movement. The epicenter is on the earth's surface directly above the focus.
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Describe the distribution of earthquakes around the world.
Most earthquake happen on or near plate boundaries. Two thirds of the world's earthquake occur around the outside of the Pacific Ocean, known as the 'Pacific Ring of Fire'. Some earthquakes occur away from plate boundaries, e.g along fault line.
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Describe 2 ways the Richter Scale is different to the Mercalli Scale.
The Richter Scale measure the amount of energy released (Magnitude) where the Mercalli measures the effects. The Richter Scale uses a seismometer whereas Mercalli Scale asks eye-witnesses and uses photos.
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Describe 1 more way the Richter Scale is different to the Mercalli Scale.
The Richter is a logarithmic scale (5 is ten times more powerful than 4) with no upper limit whereas the Mercalli is a scale of 1 to 12 with 1 being only detected by scientific instruments and 12 being total mass destruction.
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Name a Case Study of an earthquake in a rich country.
L'Aquila, Italy. 6th of April, 2009. 6.3 on the RIchter scale. Movement along a crack in the plate at a destructive plate margin.
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Name a Case Study of an earthquake in a poor country.
Kashmir, Pakistan. 8th of October, 2005. 7.6 on the Richter scale. Movement along a crack in the plate at a destructive plate margin.
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Compare primary impacts of the two earthquakes: (Death Toll)
Around 290 deaths in L'Aquila compared to around 80 000 in Kashmir (both mostly from collapsed buildings).
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Compare primary impacts of the two earthquakes: (Other Human factors)
Hundreds of people were injured in L'Aquila compared to hundreds of thousands in Kashmir. Thousands of people were made homeless in L'Aquila whereas 3 million were made homeless in Kashmir.
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Compare primary impacts of the two earthquakes: (Infrastructure)
Both had damadges to infrastructer (L'Aquila: A bridge and a water pipe. Kashmir: Water pipelines and electricity lines)
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Secondary impacts of the L'Aquila Earthquake.
Aftershocks slowed rescue efforts and caused more damage. Fires caused more damage. The broken water pipe caused a landslide.
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Secondary impacts of the Kashmir Earthquake.
Landslides buried building and people and cut off access to roads. Diseases spread due to limited clean water. Freezing winter conditions shortly after caused more casualties.
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Short-term impacts of the L'Aquila Earthquake.
Camps were set up of homeless. Emergency services were sent to rescue survivors.Money was provided by the government to pay rent and gas and electricity bill were suspended.
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Short-term impacts of the Kashmir Earthquake.
Help didn't reach many areas for days or weeks. People were rescued by hand. Tents, blankets and medical supplies were distributed. International aid was brought in.
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Long-term impacts of the L'Aquila Earthquake.
The Italian Prie Minister promised to build a new town to replace l'Aquila. An investigation looked into why building weren't built to withstand earthquakes.
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Long-term impacts of the Kashmir Earthquake.
Around 40 000 people have been located to a new town. Government money has been given to rebuild more earthquake resistant homes. New health centres have been set up.
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Name a Case Study of a Tsunami.
Indian Ocean. 26th of December 2004 (Boxing Day Tsunami). Earthquake off the west coast of Sumatra measuring 9.1 on the Richter Scale.
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Impacts of the Tsunami.
230 000 people were killed or are still missing. 1.7 million people lost their homes. Infrastructure was severely damaged. Massive economic and environmental damage.
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Short-term responses of the Tsunami.
Hundreds of millions pounds were pledged in a few days to give survivors access to food, water, shelter and medical supplies. Foreign countries sent ships, planes and soldiers to help rescue people and distribute aid.
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Draw and label a destructive plate boundary.
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Draw and label a constructive plate boundary.
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Draw and label a conservative plate boundary.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

State 3 differences between oceanic and continental crust.

Back

Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. Continental crust is older than oceanic crust.

Card 3

Front

In 4 sentences, describe how volcanoes are formed at destructive plate margins.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

In 4 sentences, describe how volcanoes are formed at constructive plate margins.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

In 3 sentences, describe the formation of fold mountains.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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