Respiratory system

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  • Created by: Alex
  • Created on: 03-06-13 00:10
trachea
A large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe
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bronchioles
The bronchioles or bronchioli are the first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage. They are branches of the bronchi. The bronchioles terminate by entering the circular sacs called alveoli.
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Alveoli
Any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
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what cells are the trachea lined with and why?
mucus-secreting cells that lubricate it and ciliated cells with tiny hairs that beat impurities and inhaled particles and dust up and out the trachea
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how many alveoli in the lungs of a human man?
300million
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what do type 1 alveolar cells (pneumocytes) do?
site of gas exchange
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what do type 2 alveolar cells (pneumocytes) do?
secrete pulmonary surfactant - fluid with low surface tension to allow alveolar surfaces to separate - facilitates alveolar expansion
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why is their elastin in alveoli?
to allow the alveoli to stretch
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alveolar septum
the thin wall which separates the alveoli from each other in the lungs
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lung compliance
measure of the ease of expansion of the lungs and thorax, determined by pulmonary volume and elasticity. A high degree of compliance indicates a loss of elastic recoil of the lungs, as in old age or emphysema
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pleural sac
double-walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall in air-breathing verterbrates
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role of the parietal pleura
lines the wall of the chest cage and covers the upper surface of the diaphragm
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role of the pulmonary pleura
tightly covers surface of lungs
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where is serious fluid located and what is its role?
inside the pleural cavity- lubricates the pleura surfaces,allows lungs to slide freely over the inner surface of the thoracic wall during breating, high a high surface tension - prevents lungs from collapsing during expiration
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what is a punctured lung?
damage to the pleura- air enters pleural cavity and lung does not inflate when pressure is reduced
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Pressure inside a lung
760Hg
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role of diaphragm during exhalation
diaphragm relaxes (more dome shaped upwards) Ribcage move down and inward
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Role of diaphragm durin inhalation
Diaphragm contracts(flattens) and ribcage moved upward and out
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which intercostal muscles contract during expiration?
Internal intercostals contract, external intercostals relax
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which intercostal muscles contract during inspiration?
Internal intercostals relax, external intercostals contract
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How inspiration occurs- mechanics of ventilation
pressure in thoracic cavity falls, walls of lungs are pulled outwards due to adherence to visceral pleura. Alveoli expand and pressure falls below atmospheric pressure so gas enters
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How expiration occurs- mechanics of ventilation
Pressure in thoracic cavity rises. Alveoli are compressed and pressure rises above atmospheric pressure so gas is expelled
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inspiratory reserve volume
the maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration - 3000ml
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Tidal volume
normal volume of air displaced between normal inspiration and expiration when extra effort is not applied -500ml
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expiratory reserve volume
the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration—1500ml
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residual volume
the amount of gas remaining in the lung at the end of a maximal exhalation. 1000ml
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functional residual capacity
Functional residual capacity (FRC) refers to the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation. It is mainly determined by the balance between the forces of the lung and chest wall.- expiratory reserve and residual volume 2500ml
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vital capacity
s the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. - 5000ml
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what is atmospheric pressure?
760mm Hg (at sea level)
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whats the intra-alveolar pressure?
pressure within the alveoli
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whats the intrapleural pressure
pressure within the pleural sac - pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity. usually less than atmospheric at 756mm Hg
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Dead space
refers to the part of the respiratory system that has no alveoli, and in which little or no exchange of gas between air and blood takes place.
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what parts of the respiratory system are dead space?
upper parts of the airway, trachea and bronchi - also for non functional/dead/diseased alveoli
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partial pressure
hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature
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how to convert % into partial pressure
for each gas, multiply its fraction % by the total pressure
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why is partial pressure important?
there is a partial pressure gradient between alveoli and blood which causes gases to move between the two
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what happens in the alveoli with gas exchange?
gases move down concentration (partial pressure gradients). Oxygenated blood goes to the heart via the pulmonary vein, deoxygenated blood comes from the tissues via the heart and pulmonary artery
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What keeps alveolar has concentrations constant?
residual volume and deadspace
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Does bound gas have an effect of partial pressure?
no they are in dynamic equilibrium - most gas (94-9% is carried in bound form)
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whats haemoglobin
O2 carrying pigment in erythrocytes - a tetramer of 4 polypeptudes (2xalpha 2xbeta) each with a haem (Fe2+) group
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How many O2s do each haemoglobin molecule bind to?
4
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what is the effect of binding each O2 to haemoglobin on the molecule?
relaxes molecule and increases subsequent affinity
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what is the haemoglobin dissociation curve affected by?
Partial pressure of O2, pH (Bohr effect), temperature and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG)
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Why haemoglobin drops of O2
Tissues do work which cause increase temo, low pH, Low PO2, High PCO2 and use ATP to produce DPG. This all lowers HB affinity of O2 so O2 will be dropped
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effect of pH on the haemoglobin dissociation curve (lowering pH)
Lowering the pH shifts the curve to the right. causes metabolically active tissue t have a low pH, high temp and produce 2,3-DPG. all of which moves curve to the right and encourages dissociation
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effect of temp on the haemoglobin dissociation curve
raising the temp shifts the curve to the right
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effect of 2,3diphosphatephoglycerate on the haemoglobin dissociation curve
2,3 DPG causes the curve to shift to the right -
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how does 2,3DPG effect O2
reduces binding of O2 to Hb by separating the subunits - is a product of glycolysis
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Haldane effect
Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide; this property is the Haldane effect. Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for carbon dioxide.
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How is CO2 carried and what % of each?
Dissolved 5-10%, Carbamino compounds (25-30%), Bicarbonate (60-70%)
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carbamino compound
Any of various carbamic acid derivatives formed by the combination of carbon dioxide with an amino acid or a protein, such as hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin.
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erthrocyte
RBC
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

bronchioles

Back

The bronchioles or bronchioli are the first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage. They are branches of the bronchi. The bronchioles terminate by entering the circular sacs called alveoli.

Card 3

Front

Alveoli

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what cells are the trachea lined with and why?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

how many alveoli in the lungs of a human man?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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