Respiratory System

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Describe Respiration
Human cells require continuous O2 supply, which is used to produce energy in aerobic respiration with CO2 being the waste product. CO2 build up can detrimentally affect cell function disturbing homeostasis
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Role of the Respiratory System
provision of O2 to body& expulsion of waste. Made of 2 tracts. Conduct, filter, warm& humidify air, GE- O2& CO2, speech& vocalisation, pH control, Lung tissue contains ACE important in BP control
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Upper Respiratory Tract
air way from nose to larynx (head& neck)
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Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea& all components of lungs (thorax)
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What is the Conducting Zone?
Components- nose to terminal bronchioles: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. Function- conducts air to lungs from continuous passageway for air to move in& out of lungs, filter, warm& moisten air
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What's the Respiratory Zone?
Components- Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli. Function- GE, thin walls allow inhaled O2 to diffuse-> lung capillaries for CO2 exchange
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Describe the Lungs
2 coned shaped organs, broad base, narrow apex, vessels/nerves-> hilum, R Lung- 3 lobes, L Lung- 2 lopes (space taken up by heart) 1 branch per lobe. Cardiac notch
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Describe Pleurae
Double membrane, pleural cavity: pleural fluid, decrease friction- create pressure gradient, compartmentalisation
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Whats the Pharynx
Muscular funnel- tonsils& adenoids, stops large particles, nasopharynx- only conducts air, laryngopharynx- conducts, air, food, drink- lined by stratified squamous epithelium
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Larynx is....
Cartilaginous Chamber, voice box, keeps food& drink out of trachea
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Trachea is...
Rigid tube supported by cartilage, 16-20 C shaped rings- open= posterior, conducts air from larynx-> bronchi, respiratory epithelium traps dust
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The Bronchial Tree can be described as
Branching system of tubes conducting air, main bronchus-> terminal bronchus, Starts w R (slightly wider)& L main& primary bronchi, main bronchi C shaped terminal rings, Lower branches overlapping crescent shaped cartilage, Elastic Recoil
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What are the cells in the respiratory epithelium
Ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar
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How are the Airways Lined?
Nose-> bronchi pseudostratified, columnar, ciliated epithelium- respiratory epithelium lines airways, bronchioles lined with cubodial epithelium which has cilia, cilia all beat in 1D& waft particles trapped in mucus-> larynx to be coughed/swallowed
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How are the Airways Lined?
Num of glands& goblet cells dimishes as goes down respiratory tree, very few present in 1st bronchioles, mucus near alveoli would interfere with GE
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Whats the Respiratory Epithelium?
Alveoli very important, airways get smaller as progress down tree until reach alveoli, tiny sac like alveoli= GE occurs, 2 cells make up alveoli
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What are the cells that make up Alveoli?
T1 (squamous) alveolar cells-> thin, aid diffusion, 95% alveolar SA. T2 (cubodial) Epithelial Cells-> secrete pulmonary surfactant, lower surface tension of H20, Allow re-inflation after exhalation& prevent collapse when exhaling
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Respiratory Bronchioles& Alveoli
GE occurs as bronchioles divide -> ducts with alveoli along walls, non-ciliated simple, squamous epithelium end in alveolar sacs (large SA)
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Respiratory Membrane
Barrier between alveolar air& blood, squamous alveolar cells& squamous endothelial cells of capillary& shared basement membrane have total thickness of 0.5um
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Describe Gas diffusion& transport
O2& CO2 move between alveoli& blood-> alveolar gas exchange, GE occurs across respiratory membrane, alveoli covered by comprehensive capillary network, O2 diffuses from alveoli-> pulmonary venule& CO2 diffuses from pulmonary arteriole to alveoli
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How does transport happen
large SA of lung for GE, thin respiratory membrane= fast diffusion, extensive blood supply surrounding alveoli, diffusion gradient- diff partial pressure across respiratory membrane
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What happens during Transport?
before O2, diffuses-> cell from tissue capillaries its carried to the cell, CO2 diffuses tissue cell- blood of tissue capillaries its carried back to lungs,transport mechanisms in blood, CV system important ensuring adeuqate oxygenation of tissues
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Whats the role of Surfactant
lowers surface tension making it easier for sides of alveoli to part& inflate, increase lung complience, without surfactant the wet surfaces of lungs would stick together& not be able to expand when breathing
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Respiration types...
Pulmonary Ventilation-> breathing process e.g. inspiration& expiration, External Respiration-> GE in lungs, Internal Respiration-> GE in capillaries-> tissues, Boyles Law-> as vol increases, pressure decreases
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Describe pulmonary ventilation
air flows because pressure differences between atmosphere& gases inside lungs, vol of throacic cavity changed by movement of diaphragm& rib cage
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Inspiration is...
active process during normal quiet breathing
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Expiration is...
passive process relying on muscle relaxation& elastic recoil to decrease lung vol
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Respiratory Muscles are
Inhalation- diaphragm, 75% work at rest, intercostals. Exhalation- quiet breathing, little-no muscle contraction involved, forceful exhalation= accessory muscle. Diaphragm- phrenic nerves, Intercostal muscles- intercostal nerves
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Control of Breathing
Breathing- involuntary act resulting from automatic generation of rhythmic breathing my respiratory centre in medulla oblongata& pons in brainstem. Main breathing stimulus increases CO2 levels in blood, level of CO2 changes are detected by receptors
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CO2 changes
receptors relay info to respiratory centre bringing about changes in rate/depth of breathing. Changes in blood pH& O2 stimulate breathing changes
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Central& Peripheral Respiratory Control Centre
central chemoreceptors in medulla respond to decreased pH in CSF largely determined by CO2 conc in blood as CO2 readily diffuses across BBB, direct releationship between CO2 conc& pH of CSF= CO2 increase increases pH making it more acidic& vice versa
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Central& Peripheral Respiratory Control Centre
C&P chemoreceptors- detect increase CO2& decrease pH stimulate respiratory centre increase depth of breathing decreasing CO2 in blood& returns blood gases to normal, P chemoreceptors carotid bodies&aorta detect increase arterial co2&falls in blood O2
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Changes in pH due to CO2
BBB impermable H& bicarbonate ions, C chemoreceptors cannot respond quickly to changes in blood pH, dissolved CO2 within arterial blood readily diffuse through BBB-> CSF where converted-> carbonic acid which spontaneously releases free H ion
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Whats the result of spontaneous H ion
decrease pH of CSF, changes in arterial partial pressure of co2 indirectly modulate pH of CSF through O2 diffusion& conversion to carbonic acid
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Responses to Blood Gases& CSF- Central
Low pH (acid)- increased breathing, high pH (alkali)- decreased breathing
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Responses to Blood Gases& CSF- Peripheral
High CO2 (acid) (+/or low O2)- increased breathing, Low CO2 (alkali) (+/or high O2)- decreased breathing
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Stimuli Changing Rate/Depth of Breathing
Volunary Control, exercise, anxiety, pain, talking/coughing, O2/CO2, pH, meds, alcohol
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Homeostasis of Breathing
Respiratory control centres control O2& CO2 levels
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Repsiratory Centres
pons& medulla in brainstem control nerves that supply respiratory muscles (effector)
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Medulla
medullary rhythmicity area controls basic inspiratory& expiratory cycle, 2 interconnected centres DRG& VRG
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Pons
apneustic centre helps regular length/ depth of inspiration pneumotaxic centre involved in reg of apneustic centre& medullary rhythmicity centre
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Role of the Respiratory System

Back

provision of O2 to body& expulsion of waste. Made of 2 tracts. Conduct, filter, warm& humidify air, GE- O2& CO2, speech& vocalisation, pH control, Lung tissue contains ACE important in BP control

Card 3

Front

Upper Respiratory Tract

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Lower Respiratory Tract

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the Conducting Zone?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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