Respiratory system

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  • Created by: katewells
  • Created on: 05-04-17 09:34
What 4 things does the respiratory system consist of?
Nose, airways, lungs, respiratory muscles
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What are the 2 main functions of the respiratory system?
Pulmonary ventilation, gaseous exchange
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What is external respiration?
The movement of oxygen into the blood stream and carbon dioxide into the lungs
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What is internal respiration?
The release of oxygen to respiring cells for energy production and collection of waste products
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Once air is drawn into the nasal cavity where does it travel?
Pharynx, larynx, trachea
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What are the surface of the pharynx, larynx and trachea covered in?
Mucous membrane, ciliated cells which moisten, warm and filter the air before entering the lungs
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What does the trachea divide into?
Left and right bronchi
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How many lobes does the right and left bronchi have?
3,2
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What do the bronchi subdivide into?
Bronchioles and end in alveolar ducts
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What are alveolar ducts?
Entrance for air to move into the alveoli
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What is the alveoli?
Clusters of tiny air sacs covered in a dense network of capillaries which together serve as the external site for gaseous exchange
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Characteristics of alveolar walls?
One cell thick, lined with fluid
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What are the perfect conditions for gaseous exchange?
Slow blood flow, thin moist walls, close in contact
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Where does oxygen move to from the alveoli?
Blood stream
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Where does carbon dioxide move to from the blood stream?
Alveoli
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What is gaseous exchange?
Movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood stream and carbon dioxide from the blood stream into the alveoli
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What 2 ways can oxygen be transported?
Haemoglobin, plasma
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What is haemoglobin?
Iron-rich globular protein in red blood cells which can chemically combine with 4 oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin
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What 3 ways can carbon dioxide be carried?
Dissolved in water as carbonic acid, haemoglobin, dissolved in plasma
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What is breathing rate?
The number of inspiration or expirations per minute
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What is tidal volume?
Volume of air inspired or expired per breath
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What is minute ventilation?
Volume of air inspired or expired per minute
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How do you calculate minute ventilation?
TVxF
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Breathing rate average at rest?
12-15 breath/min
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Breathing rate average at maximal?
40-50 breaths/min
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Tidal volume average at rest?
0.5l
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Tidal volume average at maximal?
2.5-3l
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Minute ventilation average at rest?
6-7.5l/min
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Minute ventilation average at maximal?
100-150 l/min
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Where are the lungs situated?
Thoracic cavity
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Why are the lungs encased in pleural sacs?
Layer of pleural fluid between the lung and pleural membranes reduce friction during inspiration and expiration
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What do pleural sacs attach the lungs to?
Rib cage so when rib cage expands the lungs expand as well
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What are the 2 muscles responsible for inspiration at rest?
External intercostals and diaphragm
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What is the role of the external intercostals during inspiration at rest?
Lift the rib cage and sternum up and out
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What is the role of the diaphragm during inspiration at rest?
Contracts and flattens
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What happens during inspiration at rest?
Volume inside the thoracic cavity and space inside the lungs increases, lowering pressure below the atmosphere outside the body, air rushes into lungs
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What are needed for inspiration at exercise?
Additional inspiratory muscles
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What are the additional inspiratory muscles recruited for inspiration at exercise?
Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
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What do the additional inspiratory muscles during exercise cause?
Greater up and outward movement of the rib cage and sternum
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Role of external intercostals during expiration at rest?
Relax, lowering rib cage and sternum down and in
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Role of diaphragm during expiration at rest?
Relaxes, returns to dome shape
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What happens during expiration at rest when the muscles relax?
Volume inside thoracic cavity and space outside lungs decrease, increasing pressure above the atmosphere outside the body and pushes air out
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What are the additional muscles recruited for expiration during exercise?
Internal intercostals, rectus abdominus
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What do additional muscles recruited for expiration during exercise cause?
Greater down and inward movement of the rib cage and sternum
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What is respiratory control?
When the brain gets involved to regulate breathing rate during a period of exercise of recovery
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What is the respiratory control centre?
Control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation
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What are the 2 centres with the RCC?
Inspiratory and expiratory centres
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What is the role of the inspiratory centre?
Stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest and during exercise
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What is the role of the expiratory centre?
Inactive at rest but stimulates additional expiratory muscles to contract during exercise
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During respiratory regulation at rest what type of muscles contract?
Inspiratory
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What nerve is connected to the external intercostals during respiratory regulation at rest?
Intercostal nerve
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What nerve is connected to the diaphragm during respiratory regulation at rest?
Phrenic
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What happens once the inspiratory muscles contract during respiratory regulation at rest?
Thoracic cavity volume increased, lowered lung air pressure, stimulation stops and inspiratory muscles relax, lung tissues recoil, passive expiration
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What is inactive during respiratory regulation at rest?
Expiratory centre
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What type of nerve relays information to the RCC?
Sensory
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What is a response initiated by during respiratory regulation at exercise?
Inspiratory and expiratory centres
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Where does the RCC gain information from during respiratory regulation at rest?
Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, proprioreceptors, baroreceptors
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What do baroreceptors detect?
Lung inflation
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What is partial pressure?
The pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases
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Where is the external site for gaseous exchange?
Between alveoli and blood capillary membrane
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Where is the internal site for gaseous exchange?
Between the blood capillary and muscle cell membrane
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What is diffusion?
The movement of gases across a membrane down a gradient from an area of high pressure to low pressure
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What is the diffusion gradient?
The difference in areas of pressure from one side of a membrane to the other
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What is external respiration at rest?
The exchange of gases at the lungs between the deoxygenated blood that arrives int he capillaries with oxygen-rich air in the alveoli
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Role of oxygen during external respiration at rest?
Moves from high PP in alveoli to low PP in capillary blood, haemoglobin molecules associate with oxygen as passes alveoli to ensure blood that leaves the lungs is fully saturated with oxygen
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Role of carbon dioxide during external respiration at rest?
Moves from high PP in capillary blood to low PP in alveoli
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Resting partial pressure of oxygen at the external site?
Alevoli 105 - Blood capillaries 40
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Resting partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the external site?
Alveoli 40 - Blood capillaries 46
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What is internal respiration at rest?
Exchange of gases at the muscle cells between the oxygenated blood that arrives at the capillaries with carbon dioxide at muscle cells
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Role of oxygen during internal respiration at rest?
Moves from high PP in capillary blood to low PP in muscle cells, haemoglobin molecules dissociate the oxygen for diffusion as they pass the muscle cells
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Roel of carbon dioxide during internal respiration at rest?
Moves from high PP in muscle cells to low PP in capillary blood
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What is external respiration during exercise?
Muscles tissue use grater volume of oxygen for aerobic respiration and produce greater volume of co2 therefor deoxygenated blood returns to lungs from right ventricle with low Po2 and higher Pco2 than at rest
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Role of oxygen at external respiration during exercise?
Diffusion gradient steepens, diffuses from high Po2 in alveoli to low Po2 in capillary blood at greater rate
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Role of carbon dioxide at external respiration during exercise?
Diffusion gradient steepens, diffuses from higher Pco2 in capillary blood to low Pco2 in alveoli at greater rate
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What is internal respiration during exercise?
More intense the exercise the lower the Po2 and higher Pco2 in muscle tissue
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Role of oxygen in internal respiration during exercise?
Diffusion gradient steepens, oxygen diffuses from Po2 in the capillary blood to lower Po2 in muscle cell
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Role of carbon dioxide in internal respiration during exercise?
Diffusion gradient steepens, carbon dioxide diffuses from higher Pco2 in muscle cell to low Pco2 in capillary blood
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What is association?
The combining of oxygen with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
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What is dissociation?
The release of oxygen from haemoglobin for gaseous exchange
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What is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?
A graph showing the relationship between Po2 and percentage saturation of haemoglobin
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What 3 things happen to the muscle tissue during exercise?
Increase temperature, increase production of CO2, increase production of lactic acid and carbonic acid
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What is the Bohr shift?
A move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve tot he right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream
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What happens to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve in recovery?
Shifts back to the left, returning haemoglobin saturation with oxygen to its original relationship
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Why does the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve moves back to the left during recovery?
Allows greater association of oxygen to haemoglobin at the alveoli, essential to oxygenated the blood stream flushing out waste products and returning body to pre-exercise state
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the 2 main functions of the respiratory system?

Back

Pulmonary ventilation, gaseous exchange

Card 3

Front

What is external respiration?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is internal respiration?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Once air is drawn into the nasal cavity where does it travel?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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