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6. dyspnea means:

  • cyanosis
  • pneumonia
  • difficulty breathing
  • "puffed up" alveoli

7. the alveoli:

  • are composed primarily of smooth muscle
  • are the primary site of respiratory gas exchange
  • contract and relax, thereby determining resistance to air flow through the respiratory passages
  • are supported by c-shaped cartilaginous rings

8. most CO2 is transported in the blood:

  • as bicarbonate
  • by megakaryocytes
  • loosley bound to the iron molecule in heme
  • by the hemoglobin, as carbaminohemoglobin

9. "clubbing" of the fingers is a response to:

  • chronic hypoxemia
  • CO2 retention and acidosis
  • acute hyperventilation in response to metabolic acidosis
  • chronic dry hacking cough

10. a preterm infant is most likely to develop respiratory distress because of

  • deficiency of surfactant
  • excess mucus in the upper airways
  • bacterial pneumonia
  • and inability of the immature diaphragm to contract

11. what is the effect of an overdose of an opioid (narcotic)?

  • depresses the medulla oblongata and depresses ventilation
  • causes hyperventilation and alkalosis
  • causes spasm of the epiglottis resulting in an upper airway obstruction
  • alters the shape of the hemoglobin so that it cannot bind to oxygen

12. what is the transport mechanism necessary for the movement of oxygen from the alveoli across the pulmonary capillary membranes into the blood?

  • diffusion
  • active transport
  • osmosis
  • facilitated transport

13. ventilation:

  • refers to loading and unloading of oxygen by hemoglobin
  • refers to the regulation of blood pH by the lungs
  • has two phases inhalation and exhalation
  • is exclusively responsive to PCO2

14. which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

  • phrenic
  • sciatic
  • intercostal nerve
  • cranial never XI

15. how is most oxygen transported through the blood?

  • attached to hemoglobin
  • as a lysozyme
  • as bicarbonate
  • as a surfactant

16. which of the following contributes to the wheezing of asthma?

  • edema of the esophagus
  • inflammation of the trachea and pharynx
  • constriction of the bronchiolar smooth muscle
  • pneumothorax

17. which of the following structures controls respirations?

  • limbic system
  • medulla oblongata
  • basal ganglia
  • postcentral gyrus

18. which of the following structures prevents entrance of food and water into the respiratory passages?

  • larynx
  • thyroid cartilage
  • epiglottis
  • glottis

19. which of the following best describes the visceral and parietal pleura?

  • are surfactant-secreting membranes
  • line the inner wall of the trachea and bronchi
  • are serous membranes that line the pleural cavity
  • line the meadiastinum

20. a stab wound to the chest causes the lung to collapse because:

  • intrapulmonic pressure becomes less than atmospheric pressure
  • of a sudden increase in surface tension
  • intraplueural pressure becomes greater then intraplumonic pressure
  • intrapulmonic pressure becomes higher than intrapleural pressure