Respiration flashcards

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What is aerobic respiration?
Requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water and lot of ATP
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What is anaerobic respiration?
Takes place in the absence of oxygen and produces lactate in animals or ethanol and CO2 in plants but only a little ATP
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Aerobic respiration can be divided into what 4 stages?
1. Glycolysis 2. Link reaction 3. Krebs cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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What is glycolysis?
The splitting of the 6-carbon glucose molecule to two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
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What is the link reaction?
Pyruvate molecules enter into a series of reactions which lead to production of acetyl coenzyme A, a 2-carbon molecule
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What is the Krebs cycle?
The introduction of acetyl coenzyme A into a cycle of oxidation-reduction reactions that yield some ATP and a large quantity of reduced NAD and FAD
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The use of the electrons associated with reduced NAD and FAD, released from the Krebs cycle to synthesise ATP with water produced as a by-product
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Where does glycolysis occur?
The cytoplasm
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What are the 4 stages of glycolysis?
1. phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate 2. splitting the phosphorylated glucose 3. oxidation of triose phosphate 4. production of ATP
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Draw a diagram of glycoslysis:
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What is the overall yield from one glucose molecule undergoing glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 reduced NAD, 2 pyruvate
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The pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis release energy in what process?
Krebs cycle
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The pyruvate molecules must first be oxidised in what procedure?
The link reaction
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Where do the krebs cycle and the link reaction occur?
The mitochondria
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The pyruvate molecules produced in the cytoplasm during glycolysis is actively transported where?
Matrix of the mitochondria
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What happens during the link reaction?
1. Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate by losing carbon dioxide & 2 hydorgens whichare accepted by NAD form reduced NAD which is used later to produce ATP 2. Acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetlycoenzyme A
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What is the overall equation of the link reaction?
pyruvate + NAD + CoA --> acetly CoA + reduced NAD + CO2
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What happens in the Krebs cycle?
1. acetly CoA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to produce a 6 carbon molecule 2. in a series of reactions the 6 carbon molecules loses carbon dioxide and hydrogen to give a 4 carbon molcule and an ATP molecule 3. 4 carbon molecule restarts the cycle
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For each pyruvate molecule what is produced in the link reaction and Krebs cycle?
reduced co enzymes (these can be used to provide energy to produce ATP, one ATP, three molecules of CO2
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Draw a diagram of the link reaction and Krebs cycle
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What are coenzymes?
Molecules that enzymes require to function
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Give 4 reasons as to why the Krebs cyle is significant: (part 1 of 2)
1. It breaks down macrmolecules into smaller ones - pyruvate into carbon dioxide 2. produces hydrogen which is carried by NAD to the electron transfer chain and provide energy for oxidative phosphorylation, leading to the production of ATP
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Give 4 reasons as to why the Krebs cyle is significant: (part 2 of 2)
3. it regenrates the 4 carbon molecule 4. it is a source of intermediate compounds used by cells in the manufacture of important compounds such as amino acids, fatty acids and chlorophyll
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What is the site of oxidative phosphorlyation? Why does it take place here?
Mitochondria's cristae (the folds) because it contains enzymes and proteins required
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What are the stages of oxidative phosphorlyation? (part 1 of 3)
1. hydorgen atoms produced during glycolysis and krebs combine with NAD & FAD 2. reduced NAD & FAD donate the electrons of the hydrogens to the 1st molecule in the electro transfer chain
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What are the stages of oxidative phosphorlyation? (part 2 of 3)
3. Electrons pass along a chain of electron transfer carriers in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. As the electrons flow along the chain, the energy they release causes the active transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
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What are the stages of oxidative phosphorlyation? (part 3 of 3)
4. The protons accumulate in the inter-membranal space before they diffuse back into the matrix through ATP synthase channels 5.electrons combine with these protons and oxygen to form water, oxygen is therefore the final acceptor of electrons
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Draw a diagram of oxidative phosphorylation:
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How can lipids be used as an alternative respitatory substance?
Lipids are first hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids. The gylcerol is then phosphorylated and converted into TP which enters the glycolysis pathway and the krebs. The fatty acid component is broken down into 2 carbon fragments which are converted
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How can lipids be used as an alternative respitatory substance? (pt2)
to acetyl coenzyme A. This then enters the Krebs cycle. The oxidation of lipids produces 2 carbon fragments of carbohydrate and many hydrogens. The hydrogensare used to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. They release more energy
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How can proteins be used as an alternative respirratory substance?
It is hydrolysed to amino acids. These have thier amino group removed before entering the respiratory pathway at different points depending on the number of carbons they contain
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What does anaerobic respiration in plants produce?
Pyruvate + reduced NAD --> ethanol + CO2 + oxidised NAD
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What does anaerobic respiration in animals produce?
Pyruvate + reduced NAD --> lactate + oxidised NAD
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Draw a diagram of the ATP produced of anaerobic respiration.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is anaerobic respiration?

Back

Takes place in the absence of oxygen and produces lactate in animals or ethanol and CO2 in plants but only a little ATP

Card 3

Front

Aerobic respiration can be divided into what 4 stages?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is glycolysis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the link reaction?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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