Respiration

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Cellular Respiration
Process in which cells break down organic molecules to synthesise ATP
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Glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is split, (anaerobic process) to form 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 net molecules of ATP
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Pyruvate
A 3-carbon molecules that results from the splitting of a glucose molecule
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ATP
Energy carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic processes
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ADP
The molecule that results from dephosphorylation
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Krebs Cycle
The second stage of aerobic respiration in which 2 pyruvate molecules from the first stage react to form ATP, NAD and FAD
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NAD
Molecule that acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration
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Electron transport chain
Series of electron transport molecules that pass high- energy electrons from molecule to molecule and capture their energy
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Mitochondrion
Organelle in eukaryotic cells that makes energy available to the cell in the form of ATP
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Fermentation
A type of aerobic respiration that allows ATP to be made through glycolysis
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Respiratory substrate
A substrate that can be oxidised in respiration to release energy for the synthesis of ATP
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Oxygen debt
The extra oxygen required by the body after anaerobic respiration occurs during exercise which is required to convert the lactic acid formed to pyruvate
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Lactate
A 3-carbon compound produced by the addition of hydrogen to pyruvate during anaerobic respiration
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Chemiosmosis
The way in which the diffusion of protons down a proton gradient produced across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, provides energy for the synthesis of ATP
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Substrate-Level phosphorylation
The production of ATP directly from a reaction in the Krebs cycle , not involving an electron transport chain
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FAD
A coenzyme thats required to allow dehydrogenases to remove hydrogens, the FAD accepts them and becomes reduced
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Decarboxylation
The removal of carbon dioxide from a substance
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Reduction
The loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogens or electrons
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Coenzyme
A non-protein substance thats required for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction
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Structure and function of outer mitochondrial membrane
Large numbers of integral proteins called porins which form channels to allow small molecules to freely diffuse across the membrane to the other
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Structure and function of inner mitochondrial membrane
Highly permeable to all molecules, ATPase is embedded within this membrane
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Structure and function of cristae
Greatly expands the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane enhancing the ability of the mitochondria to produce ATP
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Structure and function of the matrix
Contains a highly concentrated mixture of enzymes
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Function of the inter-membrane space
Site of oxidative phosphorylation
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Where does glycolysis occur
Cytosol/ cytoplasm
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What are the products of glycolysis
Pyruvate, NAD and two net molecules of ATP
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Explain the process of glycolysis
Phosphorylation, lysis, phosphorylation, dehydrogenation and formation of ATP
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Name of the link reaction
Oxidative decarboxylation
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Where does oxidative decarboxylation occur
Mitochondrial matrix
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Reactants and products of the link reaction
Pyruvate is converted into acetylCoA by the loss of CO2 and hydrogenated the addition of coenzyme A
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Where does the Krebs cycle occur
Mitochondrial matrix
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Reactants and products of the Krebs cycle
AcetylCoA and 4-carbon OAA combine to form 6-carbon citric acid which is converted to produce ATP, reduced NAD and FAD and CO2
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3 coenzymes involved in respiration
NAD, FAD, coenzyme A
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Differences between the coenzymes
NAD is used in all stages of respiration, FAD only Krebs cycle; FAD takes 2 hydrogens, NAD 1; FAD makes 2 ATP, NAD makes 3; both coenzymes are oxidised at different points of the electron transport chain
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Site of oxidative phosphorylation
Cristae of mitochondria
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Lactate fermentation
Pyruvate is used as an electron acceptor, taking the hydrogen from reduced NAD which is then converted to lactate and NAD is regenerated which keeps glycolysis going so a small amount of ATP is still synthesised
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Alcoholic fermentation
A non reversible reaction where pyruvate is first converted into ethanal which then accepts a hydrogen atom from reduced NAD becoming ethanol, the regenerated NAD continues to act as a coenzyme and glycolysis can continue
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RQ of carbohydrates
1.0
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RQ of lipids
0.9
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RQ of proteins
0.7
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RQ formula
CO2 produced divided by oxygen consumed
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is split, (anaerobic process) to form 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 net molecules of ATP

Back

Glycolysis

Card 3

Front

A 3-carbon molecules that results from the splitting of a glucose molecule

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Energy carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic processes

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The molecule that results from dephosphorylation

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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