Respiration
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- Created by: Massu786
- Created on: 03-12-17 10:11
Describe the process of glycolysis and where it takes place
takes place in cytoplasm of the cell, 2 phosphates added to glucose, phosphorylated glucose split into two TP, hydrogen removed from TP (which becomes pyruvate) and taken up by NAD to form 2 reduced NAD, reaction generates two ATP
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what are the steps of aerobic respiration?
glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
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describe the link reaction
pyruvate molecules actively transported to matrix of mitochondria, they are oxidised to acetate as they loose co2 and two hydrogens, hydrogens accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD, acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetylcoenzyme
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describe the krebs cycle
acetyl coA +4C molecule =6C molecule, this loses CO2 and hydrogen to become a 4C molecule, hydrogen forms reduced NAD + reduced FAD, hydrogen loses electron forms H+, electrons provide energy to produce ATP
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why does the link reaction and krebs cycle happen twice for every glucose molecule?
Because during gylcolysis 1 glucose molecule produced 2 pyruvate molecules, and the link reaction and krebs cycle is only for 1 pyruvate molecule so it has to happen twice for 2 pyruvate molecules
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Describe how the electrons are produced in the process of oxidative phorphorylation
hydrogen atoms are released from reduced NAD + reduced FAD when they're oxidised to NAD+FAD. H atoms split into H+ and electrons. electrons pass to electron transfer chain in a series of redox reactions, lose energy as heat at each stage
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describe the chemiosmoitc theory and how ATP is made in oxidative phorphorylation
energy released used to pump protons from matrix to intermembrane space, high conc of H+ in intermembrane space, H+ moves down electrochemical gradient into matrix via ATP synthase channels, this movement drives the production of ATP,
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describe the final step of oxidative phosphorylation involving oxygen
oxygen is the final electron accepter in the electron transfer chain, it combines with electrons and protons to form water
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what happens during anaerobic respiration in plants yeast and animals?
In plants and yeast pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide, in animals pyruvate is converted to lactate
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describe the process of anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast
pyruvate loses a molecule of CO2 and gains hydrogen from the reduced NAD which becomes NAD and this produces ethanol. overall ethanol, carbon dioxide and NAD are formed
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describe the process of anaerobic respiration in animals
pyruvate takes up two hydrogens from reduced NAD which becomes NAD , to form lactate. overall products are lactate and oxidised NAD
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What happens when oxygen is available again after anaerobically respiring?
the lactate produced is oxidised back to pyruvate which can be further oxidised to release energy , or it goes to the liver to be converted to gylcogen which can be hydrolysed to glucose
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What happens if lactate accumulates?
It is acidic so the PH changes affect enzymes it may make the muscle proteins denature / enzymes inhibited. It can cause muscle fatigue and cramps
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How does respiration of lipids work?
lipids hydrolyses to glycerol and fatty acids, glycerol is phosphorylated to TP and undergoes glycolysis,krebs cycle.Fatty acid converted to acetyl COA and enters krebs cycle, many hydrogens produced and used to produce ATP during oxidative phophoryl
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How does respiration of proteins?
protein hydrolysed to amino acids, amino group Nh2 removed, converted to pyruvate
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What happens to people with mitochondrial disease?
it affects the functioning of proteins in oxidative phosporylation or krebs cycle, so less ATP produces, respire more anaerobically, lots of lactate produced causing muscle fatigue and weakness
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what are the steps of aerobic respiration?
Back
glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Card 3
Front
describe the link reaction
Back
Card 4
Front
describe the krebs cycle
Back
Card 5
Front
why does the link reaction and krebs cycle happen twice for every glucose molecule?
Back
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