Resilience and Adversity

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What is the definition of resilience?
Resilience: An outcome pattern characterised by a stable trajectory of healthy functioning after adversity
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What is the other definition of resilience?
Ability to bounce back and flexibly adapt to changing demands of negative life situations
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How is resilience measured?
People vary in their ability to be resilient in the face of adversity, loss and trauma
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How is resilience measured?
Resilience questionnaires: measured like a trait, questions about how you generally react to stressors
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What is resilience trajectory?
Measured after the event, defined as an outcome pattern unfolding over time
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Historically what was viewed as a rare occurence?
Resilience
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For example
Bonanno (2004) - bereavement theorists viewed absent grief as a rare and pathological reaction. BUT: Research (including Bonanno’s own) contradicts this assumption…
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Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002)
Prospective study on spousal loss. 205 participants from existing longitudinal data set. Depression measured: pre-loss, 6 & 18-months after spousal loss.
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What is the resilience?
low pre-loss depression & no significant change at 6 & 18-months
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What is common grief?
low pre-loss depression, high at 6 months, no difference at 18-months (from pre-loss).
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What is chronic grief/
low pre-loss depression & high at both 6 & 18 months.
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What is Bonanno, Wortman et al (2002)
46% of sample were resilient 11% common grief 15% chronic grief
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what is there no evidence for?
pre-loss differences in attachment to spouse or marriage difficulties (to explain resilient pattern)
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Resilient people are still what?
pre-loss differences in attachment to spouse or marriage difficulties (to explain resilient pattern)
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Mancini, Nonanno and Clark (2011)
How resilient are people after spousal loss or divorce
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How many participants were used?
German Socioeconomic Panel Study (GSEOP) from 1984-2003
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What does Latent Growth mixture modeling show?
Identifies sub-populations in the data. Allows examination of different outcome trajectories for each sub-group.
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Mancini, Bonanno and Clark (2011)
Prospective study using GSEOP data. 464 people experienced spousal loss within 20 waves of data collection. Subjective well-being was used as the outcome measure. LGMM revealed a 4-class solution was best fit to data.
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What was being used as an outcome measure?
Subjective well-being was used as the outcome measure. LGMM revealed a 3-class solution was best fit to data.
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Seery (2011)
Is the absence of adversity optimal for well-being? Or do people need some adversity to develop resilience?
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What was investigated?
Longitudinal study – multiple assessments over a 2-year period: Cumulative lifetime adversity Global distress Functional impairment Life satisfaction PTSD
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Infurna and Luthar?
Replication of research indicating most people are resilient. Reexamined outcome trajectories with LGMM after spousal loss, divorce and unemployment using GSEOP data set. Do the model specifications of LGMM method affect research findings?
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What was measured?
Life satisfaction was used as the outcome measure
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What 3 models were ran?
The same model specifications as in prior studies. The variance of outcome trajectories were allowed to differ within subgroups. The means and variances of outcome trajectories allowed to differ between subgroups and within each subgroup
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What are the results for spousal loss?
Results for divorce and unemployment similar: resilience rates dropped when model specifications changed (B and C)
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What is adversity?
An unfortunate and persistent reality
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How can strategic decisions be made?
Regarding allocation of health care resources
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Bauer and Bonanno (2001)
69 participants whom had lost spouse (3-6 months earlier) Structured clinical interviews to measure grief at 6, 14, 25 months post-loss. Semi-structured narrative interview: topic was relationship with the deceased spouse at 6 months.
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What was found
An optimal ratio of positive-negative self-evaluations (5:1) associated with lower grief over time. Greater focus on ‘doing’ self-evaluations associated with lower grief over time. Linking ‘doing’ and ‘being’ evaluations, - Grief
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Fredrickson, Tugade, Waugh and Larkin (2003)
Prospective study of role of positive emotion in crisis. 133 participants surveyed prior to 9/11 terrorist attacks 47 participants completed a follow-up survey post 9/11
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What does Pre 9/11 survey measure?
Trait resilience, trait affectivity (N, E, O) psychological resources: life satisfaction and optimism and tranquility
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What does the post 9/11 survey measures?
Positive and negative emotion, depression, meaning - making
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Fredrickson, Tugade, Waugh & Larkin (2003, p.371
Are resilient people buffered from depression through the use of positive emotion
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Why do positive emotions in times of crisis promote resilience?
Positive and negative emotions have distinct functions. Negative emotions narrow attention and thought-action repertoires, whereas positive emotions broaden them. Distinct cognitive, physiological and behavioural consequences!
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What is study 1?
Do resilient people show faster cardioascular recovery from a stressful experience
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How many participants and what do they measure?
57 UG participants Measured trait resilience. Negative mood induction – prepare a speech that will be videotaped. Measured emotions felt during speech preparation task, cognitive appraisals and cardiovascular activity
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What was found from resilient participants?
Less threatened by the speech preparation task. Showed quicker cardiovascular recovery. The use of positive emotions and cognitive appraisals explained why trait resilience promoted cardiovascular recovery.
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What is regulatory flexibility
Positive emotions promote resilience, but it is not that simple… Resilience also requires effective regulation of negative emotions triggered by a stressful event.
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What is the key to resilience?
The key to resilience is the use of context sensitive coping responses
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Coifman and Bonanno (2010)
Does the ability to shift emotional responses depending on contextual demands predict greater adjustment after bereavement?
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What were the participants?
48 participants (35 spousal loss & 13 parentally bereaved
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What was test 1?
4-months post-loss Clinical interview assessing depression. Narrative interview assessing emotional expression (self-report & facial expressions
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What was test 2?
18-months post loss Clinical interview assessing depression
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What did Coifman and Bonanno (2010)
Significant findings only for participants high in T1 depression. Benefits to displaying relevant emotions within context – lower depression at T2. Positive emotional expression beneficial in all contexts (loss and non-loss topics).
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What were participants able to do>
shift their emotions to match the context experienced lower depression at T2.
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What was Bonanno and Burton's findings?
No categorically ‘good’ or ‘bad’ coping strategies. Effective coping strategies = fit between the coping strategy and ongoing situation
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What is effective coping characterised by?
‘flexible responding to situational demands’ And… there are individual differences in how effectively people can do this!
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What is the model by Bonanno and Burton?
Evaluate demands and opportunities --> select regulatory strategy --> monitor and modify as needed --> adjust strategy, maintain strategy, cease strategy
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What is the other definition of resilience?

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Ability to bounce back and flexibly adapt to changing demands of negative life situations

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How is resilience measured?

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Card 4

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How is resilience measured?

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What is resilience trajectory?

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