Controlled environment; tends to have: high internal validity - many extraneous variables controlled. However, some (i.e. experiments effects and demand characteristics) may reduce it. Also increases replicability, but reduces external validity
1 of 13
Field experiment
More natural environment. More difficult to control extraneous variables. Experimenter effects reduced as participants not usually aware. Demand characteristics may still problematic - way IV operationalised may convey hypothesis
2 of 13
Natural experiment
Makes use of existing IVs. Causal conclusions cannot be drawn. Participants cannot be randomly allocated to conditions so may reduce validity
3 of 13
Experimental design
Repeated measures, matched pairs, or independent groups.
4 of 13
Self-report methods
Questionnaires/interviews. Unstructured/structured. Problem: Honesty - social desirability bias. Open/closed questions
5 of 13
Observational studies
Behavioural categories to record instances of behaviour / sampling methods - time sampling/event sampling. Problem: observer bias.
6 of 13
Correlational analysis
Relationship between two variables. Does not demonstrate cause, but useful in identifying where relationship exists. Data may have other, unknown, intervening variables.
7 of 13
Case studies
Detailed study of sing individual, institution or event. Generally longitudinal. Difficult to generalise.
8 of 13
Content analysis
Assessing qualitative data and separating data into categories; turn it into quantitative data
9 of 13
Pilot study
Small-scale trial run of research study to test any aspect of the design - make improvements to main study
10 of 13
Hypothesis
Directional/non-directional. Good hypothesis should be operationalised so variables are in form that can easily be tested.
11 of 13
Investigator/experimenter effects
May unwittingly communicate expectations, leading participants to act accordingly
12 of 13
Demand characteristics
Features of experiment may cue participants to act in predictable ways
13 of 13
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
More natural environment. More difficult to control extraneous variables. Experimenter effects reduced as participants not usually aware. Demand characteristics may still problematic - way IV operationalised may convey hypothesis
Back
Field experiment
Card 3
Front
Makes use of existing IVs. Causal conclusions cannot be drawn. Participants cannot be randomly allocated to conditions so may reduce validity
Back
Card 4
Front
Repeated measures, matched pairs, or independent groups.
Back
Card 5
Front
Questionnaires/interviews. Unstructured/structured. Problem: Honesty - social desirability bias. Open/closed questions
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