Research methods key terms 0.0 / 5 ? PsychologyResearch methods and ethicsGCSEAQA Created by: exoharmonieCreated on: 19-11-19 18:19 Hypothesis A statement written at the start of an experiment that states the relationship between the investigated variables 1 of 31 Alternative hypothesis States a relationship between variables 2 of 31 Null hypothesis States no relationship between variables 3 of 31 Cause and effect Relationship in which one event causes another to happen 4 of 31 Independent variable The variable that is changed during the experiment 5 of 31 Dependent variable The variable that is measured during the experiment 6 of 31 Extraneous variable Any variable other than the IV that could affect the DV 7 of 31 Operationalisation Clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured 8 of 31 Randomisation Using chance to control the effects of bias when designing a study 9 of 31 Standardised procedures Using the same method and instructions for all participants in a study 10 of 31 Field experiment Takes place in a natural setting 11 of 31 Lab experiment Takes place in a controlled setting 12 of 31 Natural experiments IV is not changed by the experimenter who records effect of the change on the DV 13 of 31 Quantitative data Information that can be counted, i.e. numbers or tallies 14 of 31 Qualitative data Information expressed in words 15 of 31 Validity Concerns whether a result represents everyday life 16 of 31 Reliability Concerns the consistency of a measurement 17 of 31 Experimental designs The different ways that participants can be organised in relation to the experiment's conditions 18 of 31 Control group A group of participants who receive no treatment - their behaviour acts as a baseline against which the IV's effect may be measured 19 of 31 Independent groups Participants allocated to different groups where each group represents one condition 20 of 31 Matched pairs Pairs of participants are matched in terms of variables relevant to study, i.e. IQ 21 of 31 Repeated measures All participants take part in all conditions 22 of 31 Counterbalancing Used in repeated measures to control order effects - each half of the participants complete the conditions in opposite orders 23 of 31 Target population The group that the researcher is interested in studying 24 of 31 Sample A subset of the target population that aims to be representative of the target population 25 of 31 Generalisation The application of the results from a study to the wider target population 26 of 31 Bias Influencing decisions, usually negatively 27 of 31 Opportunity sample Produced by selecting people who are willing and available at the time 28 of 31 Random sample Produced by using a random technique where every member of the target population has a chance of being chosen 29 of 31 Stratified sample Produced by selecting participants in proportion to their frequency in the target population 30 of 31 Systematic sample Produced by selecting every nth person from a list of the target population 31 of 31
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