Research Methods - Definitions

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Action Research
Researchers design a field experiment, collect data, then feed it back to the participants (activists). Participants then give feedback, which can be used to model the next stage.
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Analytic induction
use of constant comparison. Specifically in developing hypotheses, which are then tested in further data collection and analysis.
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Case study
In depth study of a case/cases, studied over a period of time. Uses multiple sources of info. Can be exploratory, explanatory or descriptive or a combination.
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Consensus methods
Include Delphi (expert panel opinion) and nominal group techniques(problem identification, solution generation, and decision making). They provide a way of synthesizing info and dealing with conflicting evidence, aims to determine agreement
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Constant Comparison
Iterative method of content analysis. each category is searched in its entirety in a data set. All instances are compared until no new categories are found.
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Content analysis
Counts and reports the frequency of concepts, words, behaviours held within data. Researcher develops brief descriptions of themes, called codes. Similar codes may late be grouped into categories.
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Credibility
Quality or trustworthiness of a piece of qualitative research. Can refer specifically to the extent to which the findings of a report are understood by the participants. Can also describe all aspects of a study.
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Data analysis
A systematic process of working with data to understand the research participants experiences. There are several methods that can be used. Aim is to provide an understanding through the researchers interpretation of data.
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Emerging themes
'emergence of themes from data' this overall method of analysis is know as Thematic Analysis. Concepts>Categories>Themes in first stages of analysis.
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Ethics
Standards that should be upheld to guard participants from harm. Ethical considerations should be made at each stage of research and should in include informed consent, voluntary participation and confidentiality.
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Ethnography
Qualitative methodology, enable a detailed description and interpretation of a cultural or social group to be generated. Data is collected primarily through observation or one to one interviews. Helps to understand social processes and behaviour.
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Field Notes
Collective term for records of observation. e.g. interview transcripts, talk, or documentary sources. Typically includes a field diary which provides a record of events during research and researchers feelings.
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Focus Groups
Used to elicit the opinions of a group usually around 6-10 people who have similar experiences. Topics are discussed.
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'Framework'
Method of Qualitative data analysis involving 5 key stages: Familiarisation, identifying a thematic framework, indexing, charting, and mapping, interpretation.
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Grounded theory
Qualitative research methodology with systematic guides for the collection and analysis of data. Aims to generate a theory that is formed (grounded) from the data, based on inductive reasoning. Goes beyond the description of ppts experiences.
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Discourse analysis
The linguistic analysis of naturally occurring connected speech or written discourse. Its also concerned with language used in social contexts, and in particular with interactions or dialogue between speakers.
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Hawthorne effect
Impact of the researcher on the research participants or setting, notably changing their behaviour.
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Holistic
Exploration of a research question multi-dimensionally, exhaustively and in its entirety. Preserving the complexity of human behaviour.
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Induction
An inductive process. A logical thought process, generalisations are made from specific observations.
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Iteration
An iterative process. Repeatedly returning to the source of data to ensure that the understandings are truly coming from the data. Constant process of collecting data, carrying out a preliminary analysis, using that to guide next data collection
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Phenomenology
an approach that allows the meaning of having experienced the phenomenon under investigation to be described, as opposed to a description of what the experience was like. Gives reader an understanding of what it was like to have a certain experience.
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Reflexivity
An open acknowledgement from the researcher of their role in the research process. A reflexive approach considers and make explicit the effect the researcher may have on the research
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Respondent validation
Seeking the participants views of the initial interpretations of the data. Aim is to allow the researcher to incorporate participants' responses into the analysis
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Purposive sampling
Selection of participants who have knowledge or experience of the topic being researched
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Theoretical sampling
Sampling strategy in which the selection of participants is guided by the ideas that are emerging from data analysis.
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Saturation
The point at which no further themes are generated when data from more participants are included. The sampling process can be seen to be complete at this point.
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Transferability
Research findings can be transferred from one context to similar situations or participants.
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Triangulation
Process by which the area under investigation is looked at from different angles (two or more) perspectives. Can include two or more methods, sample groups or investigators. Used to ensure understanding is complete or to confirm interpretation
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Card 2

Front

use of constant comparison. Specifically in developing hypotheses, which are then tested in further data collection and analysis.

Back

Analytic induction

Card 3

Front

In depth study of a case/cases, studied over a period of time. Uses multiple sources of info. Can be exploratory, explanatory or descriptive or a combination.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Include Delphi (expert panel opinion) and nominal group techniques(problem identification, solution generation, and decision making). They provide a way of synthesizing info and dealing with conflicting evidence, aims to determine agreement

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Iterative method of content analysis. each category is searched in its entirety in a data set. All instances are compared until no new categories are found.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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