Research methods 2

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  • Created by: hsowman
  • Created on: 31-03-19 13:37
Observations
Observations involve the precise measurement of naturally occuring behaviour in an objective way: Naturalistic and Controlled observations
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Naturalistic observation
Involves recording of spontaneous occuring behvaiour in the participants own natural environment
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Advanatge of naturalistic observations
High ecological validity
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Disadvantages of naturalistic observations
It cannot infer cause and effect, a consent of privacy may occur
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Controlled observations
Involves recording spontaneously occuring behaviour, but under conditions set-up by the researcher
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Advanatges of controlled observations
more control and accurate observations
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Disadvantages of controlled observations
If they know they are being observed, they may behave differently - demand characteristic
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Self-report techniques
Interveiws and questionnaires
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Interviews
Involve direct verbal questionning by the researcher
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Advanatges of interviews
Useful way of gathering large amounts of detailed, languaged based data
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Disadvantages of interviews
People can lie or misremeber
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Questionnaires
Written methods of gaining data from participants
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Advanatages of Questionnaires
Collect large amount of standarised data
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Disadvanatges of Questionnaires
Can be affeced by social desirability
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Non-experimental methods
Case study and Correlations
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Case study
Involves an in-depth and detailed study of an individual, which takes place over a long or short period of time.
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Advanatges of case studies
High ecological validity, used for studying behvaiour
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Disadvantages of case studies
Difficult / impossible to replicate
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Correlations
A method of data analysis which measures the relationship between two variables
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Extranous variables
Any interupting or inconvient factor which can have an affect on the results but which the researcher did not intend or desire.
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3 problems of Extranous varibales
Participants, environment and procedure
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Subject varaibles
PARTICIPANTS: indivudual differences
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Situational variables
ENVIRONMENT: temperature, time of day/week
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Experimental variables
PROCEDURE: distraction and confusion
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Random allocation
refers to the how experimenters divide participants into each experimental condition, to reduce bias occuring
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Counterbalancing
a technique used to deal with order effects when using a repeated measures design. With counterbalancing, the participant sample is divided in half, with one half completing the two conditions in one order and the other half of the conditions
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Randomisation
Randomization is the process of making groups of items random (in no predictable order)
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Standardisation
tandardization is the process of making the testing and scoring procedures uniform and objective. A standardized test will have questions in which only one answer is plausible.
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BPS Ehthical guidelines
The British Psychological Society stes out guidelines which researchers must follow when carrying out research.
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BPS guidelines include:
Deception, fully informed consent, protection of participants, debriefing, right to withdraw and privacy
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Deception
Researchers should avoid decieving the participants where possible
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Debriefing
The participants must always be debriefed at the nd of the research so they do not leave feeling confused in any way. Can avoid becoming stressed.
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Quantitive data
Numerical data
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Qualititve data
Language / word data
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Measure of central tendency (averages)
mean, mode, mediuan
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Mean
The avaergae of all scrores (add up all scores and divide by how many scores there up) - most sensitive as it takes account of all values
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Mode
The values that occur the most frequent - useful for showing the popular value
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Median
The middle value when placed in rank order
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Measures of dispersion
Range and standard deviation
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Range
The difference between the biggest number and the smallest number
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Standard deviation
Is the average amount of all scores which deviate from the mean - difficult and time consuming
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The sign test
Used to find out if the results are significant in repeated measures studies.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Involves recording of spontaneous occuring behvaiour in the participants own natural environment

Back

Naturalistic observation

Card 3

Front

High ecological validity

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

It cannot infer cause and effect, a consent of privacy may occur

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Involves recording spontaneously occuring behaviour, but under conditions set-up by the researcher

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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