the assessment of scientific work by others who are specialists in the same field to ensure that any research intended for publication is of high quality.
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Reasons for peer review
Allocation of funding, validation of research, suggesting amendments + improvements
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Problems with peer review
Personal jealousies, organisation funding may have an effect, resistance to revoluntionary ideas by the elite, slow process, limited experts within the field.
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Definition of reliability
Refers to how consistent the findings are from an investigation or measuring device.
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Test-retest
The same test is given to the same person/s several times to test consistency. Significant positive correlation needed. Used for questionnaires, interviews, psychological tests
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Inter-observer reliability
The extent to which there is agreement between 2+ observers. This is measured by correlating the observations.
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Improving inter-observer reliability
Observers are trained to apply behavioural categories the same way. Categories must be fully operationalised.
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Inter-rater reliability
Correlating the judgements of 2+ ratings of behaviour. Can happen where behaviour has been rated.
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Split-half method
One half of the test is compared to the other to check if scores are consistent. A correlation must be 0.80 to be significantly positive.
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Internal Reliability
The consistency of measures used in an investigation
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External Reliability
The consistency of a measure from one occasion to another
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Validity
The extent to which a test measures what is it supposed to measure.
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Internal Validity
Whether the effects observed in an experiment are due to careful manipulation of the IV or another factor.
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External Validity
This relates to factors outside of the investigation, such as generalisability to population, cultures + other times/eras.
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Face Validity
A measure is scrutinised to determine whether it appears to measure what it is supposed to measure.
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Concurrent Validity
The extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing similar measure. E.g. expert opinion
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Ecological Validity
The extent to which findings can be generalised to other settings and situations
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Temporal Validity
The extent to which findings from a study can be generalised to other historical times and erass. E.g. Asch conformity study.
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Lie scale
A set of questions to determine the extent to which the participants answers are truthful.
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Predictive Validity
Comparing current study results with the results of future related tests.
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Pilot study
A small-scale version of an investigation that takes place before the real investigation is conducted. The aim is to check that measures, procedures, etc work and to allow the researcher to improve if needed.
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Order Effects
A problem with participants doing both study conditions in repeated measures.
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Measures of central tendency
Mean, Mode, Range
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Repeated Measures
All participants complete both study conditions
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Volunteer Sampling
People come forward on their own. Easy, requires minimal input. Volunteer bias is a problem.
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Opportunity Sample
Anyone who happens to be willing and available at that time. Convinient, saves time. Unrepresentative of population + researcher bias.
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Systematic Sample
When every nth member of the target population is selected. Avoids researcher bias + usually fairly representative.
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Stratified Sample
Composition of the sample reflects the proportions of people in different sub-groups. Avoids researcher bias + fairly representative but not perfect.
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Random Sample
All members of the target population have an equal chance of being selected. No researcher bias. Time consuming, unrepresentative.
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Nominal Data
Type of data where difference is tested and there is a frequency count. Categorical data
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Ordinal Data
Scale data
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Reasons for peer review
Back
Allocation of funding, validation of research, suggesting amendments + improvements
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