Research methods

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what are confounding variables
all other variables that WILL affect the dv
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what are extraneous variables
all other variables that MIGHT affect the dv
2 of 68
what are participant variables and how can they be controlled for
differences between ppots that might affect dv- control using repeated measures/matched ppt design
3 of 68
what are situational variables and how can they be controlled for
features in enviroment that might affect the dv- control using pilot study and standardised procedures
4 of 68
what are demand characteristics and how can they be controlled for
cue in enviroment that tells the ppts whats expected of them and what the investigator hopes to find, this may change their bhehaviour- control using pilot study/ single blind technique/ standarised procedures
5 of 68
what are investigator affects and how can they be controlled for
he investigator has knowledge of what the experiment is about, this may cause them to give off conscious or uncoscious cue,s which in turn affects the way that the ppts behave control using the double blind techniqe ( ppt or researcher is clueless a
6 of 68
what is meant by standardisation
ensuring it is a fair expeiremnt by keeping everything the same for all ppts such as using standardised procedures
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what is standardised procedures
ensuring control by ensuring that all ppts have the same experience includes location, conditions, time
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what is standardised instructions
written by expeiremnter and given or read to the ppt includes right to withdrawl
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what is internal reliability and external reliability
internal- extent consistent external- extent that measure varies from one use to another
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how can reliability be assessed
split half method- comparing each half of the expeiremnt inter rater- evaluating reliability across different people test retest- evaluating stability of atest over time
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how can reliability be improved
repeat reproduce wide sample
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what is internal validity and external validity
internal- results due to the manipulation of the iv and not another variable external- results are generable to more than just the ppts within the study
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how can validity be assessed
face- tested aims construct- relates to underlying theoretical concepts concurrent- relates to existing similiar measures predictive- future use
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how can validity be improved
random smapling controling extraneous variables
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what is a pilot study
small scale trial run before main experiment identify problems alter experimental design
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what is randomisation
used to collect ppts from all different areas with different characteristics
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what is meant by operalisation of variables
defining variables in terms of how they can be measured
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what is iv and dv
iv- affects dv dv- affected by the iv and is measured
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what is experimental design
how ppts are allocated to different conditions
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outline the method for conducting an independant measures design
recruit, randomily devise into group a and group b, group a does eperiment with the iv set for condition 1, group b does the experiment with the iv set for condition 2, measure and compare
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evaluate independant measures
strengths- no order effects or demand characteristics weaknesses- more ppts
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outline the method for repeated measures
recruit, all do c1 measure, all do c2 measure, compare
23 of 68
evaluate lab experiments ( artificial enviroment)
s- high intenral validity as high control over reliables and easy to replicate w- participant effects and lacks mundane realism
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what is a field experiment
more natural less controlled and iv is directly manipulated
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evaluate field experiments
s- high ecological validity w- less control over ev and demand characteristics
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what is a natural experiment
iv not directly manipulated, ppts not randomly allocated
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evaluate natural experiment
s- when iv cant be anipulated, lower dc w- extrneous variables so lower validity
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what is a quasi experiement
iv is condition that exists within the participant
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evaluate quasi experiments
s- comparison, when unethical to manipulate iv w- dc
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what are volunteer samples
ppts actively contact the researcher
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evaluate volunteer samples
s-no researcer bias more representitive w- volunteer bias/ so not representative of t/p
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evaluate random sampling
s- no researcher bias as equal oppurtunity of being chosen/ more representative w- age or gender bias
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what is random sampling
selected from target popualtion using a random number technique
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evaluate oppurtunity sampling
s- less time/ larger sample/ more representative and generalisable and effort w- unrepresentiitve
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what is stratified sampling
classifying popualtion into categories and then choosig a sample which consists of ppts form ecah category in the same proportions that they are in the popualtion
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evaluate startified sampling
classifying popualtion into categories and then choosig a sample which consists of ppts form ecah category in the same proportions that they are in the popualtion
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evaluate structured interviews
s- replicable/ quantifiable/ easier to test reliability data w- time consuming, social desirability bias, leading quetsions
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evaluate questionaires
s- replicable/ larger sample w- social desirbalty and leading quetsions
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evaluate content analysis (indirect observation)
s- high ecological validity w- observer bias
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evaluate correlation graphs
s- rule out a casual relationship w- misinterpriated and other unknown variables
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evaluate case studies
s- indepth so higher level of validity, allows for studies when it would be uenthical to amnippuate the iv w- small smaple so diffivcult to generalise, can become too invovled and loose objectivity which affects outcome
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what are case studies
indepth study of an individual or event using a range of sources
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what makes a hypothesis directional
previous research indicates outcome
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outline the method for doing a piece of content analysis
1- hypothesis 2- decide on materials 3- identify coding categories 4- pilot 5-collect data summarise on graph
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what should be considered before conducting an observation study
overt or covert setting participant or non participant
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evaluate covert observations
s- more valid as no dc w- ethics due to alck of informed consent
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evaluate overt observations
s- more ethical w- dc affects validity
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comapre qualative data and quantative data
quantitive- data collected is numerical qualitibe- data collected is more descriptive
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evaluate content analysis
s- allows studies that couldnt be done otherwise, few ethicla issus as no ppts w- no ppts mean misinterpritation, qualitive misinterpreted quantitive use coding systems to lack construct validity
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what is participant observation
researcher joins in
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evaluate participant observation
s- greater insight leads to more validity w- too involved so loose objective, participation means that they might miss details
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evaluate non-participant observation
s- not directly involved so moreliekly to remain objective w- not as udnertsanding of behaviour
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what is correlation studies
the analysis of data to determine the relationship between two variables
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evaluate correlation studies
s- quantitive and establishes the strength and direction of the relationship between the 2 variables w- dosent establish cause and effect and quantified means it lacks cosntruct validity
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what is repeated measures
same ppts are used in each condition
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evaluate repeated ,measures
s- less ppts are required, reducing number of ppt variables w- order effects ( e.g. fatigue) more liekly to have demand characteristics solutions
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how can repeated measures be made more reliable
counterbalancing and randomisation
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what are independant measures
different participants are used in each condition
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evaluate independant measures
s- no order effects, less likely to have demand characteristics w- more particpants needed and indiviudla differences
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evaluate matched participant design
s- no order effects, less chance of d/c or i/d w- money and time problems
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what is qualative data
data gathered in a non-numerical form
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evaluate qualatative data
s-nmore depth more construct validity w- time consuming ( less ppl able to be studeid) less generalisbale
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evaluate quantative data
s- identify patterns and trends, less time and easier w-less depth
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what is an experiemental hypothesis
predicts relationship between the iv and the dv
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what are order effects
occur when ppts take part in 2 or more conditions in a particular order
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what is ecological validity
extent research represnts real life
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how can extraneous variables be controlled for
standardisation counterbalancing- when the order in which conditions are encountered for is balanced out across all aprticipants random alloctaion- equal chance of being chosen
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what are extraneous variables

Back

all other variables that MIGHT affect the dv

Card 3

Front

what are participant variables and how can they be controlled for

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are situational variables and how can they be controlled for

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what are demand characteristics and how can they be controlled for

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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