Reproduction and inheritance

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  • Created by: Ellie
  • Created on: 03-06-13 10:22
What is sexual reproduction?
where 2 gametes from 2 parents fuse to create an offspring genetically different to their parents
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What is asexual reproduction?
reproduction with out fusion of gametes. It involves one parent and produces offspring genetically identical to parent
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What is the role of the petal?
colourful to attract insects
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What is the role of the anther?
male part of the plant and makes pollen
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What is the role of the filament?
It joins the anther to the flower
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What is the role of the stigma?
female part of the plant and receives pollen
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Wat is the role of the ovary in plants?
contains ovules
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What is the role of the ovule?
It is the egg containing the female gametes
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What is the pollen?
the male gamete
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What is the role of the nectary?
It makes nectar to attract the insect
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What is the role of the sepal?
It protects the flower
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What are the characteristics of a wind pollinated plant?
anthers and stigma are large and outside the plant. Tiny colourless petals. Huge quantities of pollen. no nectary
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What are the characteristics of an insect pollinated plant?
Anthers and stigma are small and inside the plant. Large colourful petals and has a nectary
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Define pollination
the disposition of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma in a different flower of the same species
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What happens when pollination occurs?
the plant grows a pollen tube down the stigma the pollen tube carries the nucleus of pollen to the ovary where it fuses with an ovule
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What happens to flowers when fertilised?
petals die and fall away, fertilised ovule turns into a seed, ovary may become a fruit
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What conditions do plants need to germinate?
water, CO2 and correct temperature
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Describe a natural method of asexual reproduction
Runners- a root grows a separate shoot which grows into a second plant. Eventually the shoot connecting the 2 plants breaks down and separates them
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Describe an artificial method of asexual reproduction
Cuttings - a branch from one plant is removed and planted in the soil, it grow roots and becomes a grown plant
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Describe fertilisation in humans
the egg and sperm fuse the resulting zygote begins to divide by Mitosis and becomes an embryo
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What does the Placenta do?
brings the mothers blood supply close to the foetuses blood supply they don't mix but diffusion occurs
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What is diffused from the foetus to the mother?
Co2 water and urea
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What is diffused from the mother to the foetus?
Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, minerals
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How is the placenta adapted for diffusion?
Huge surface area, only a few cells thick, high concentration gradient
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What is an amnion and what does it do?
It is a membrane sac filled with amniotic fluid that is used to cushion and protect the embryo
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Describe puberty in males
testosterone is made in their testes this causes testes to drop, sperm manufacture, pubic and body hair, voice to deepen and muscles to grow
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Describe puberty in females
Oestrogen is made in their ovaries this causes, menstruation to begin, growth of breasts, pubic and body hair and hips to widen
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What is the endometrium?
the uterus lining
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What does Oestrogen do in the menstrual cycle?
causes the endometrium to grow and inhibits then release of FSH so no more eggs ripen
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What does LH do in the menstrual cycle?
made by the pituitary gland it causes the egg to be released on day 14
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Describe ovulation
the Egg is released into the fallopian tube where it has the best chance to be fertilised
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What is a corpus luteum and what does it do?
It is an unfertilised egg, it makes progesterone
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What does progesterone do in the menstrual cycle?
maintains the endometrium and inhibits FSH release
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Describe the period
Corpus luteum dies, progesterone levels fall. Endometrium is no longer needed so it falls away.
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What does FSH do in the menstrual cycle?
made by the pituitary gland it causes the egg to ripen inside a follicle in the ovary.
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What is DNA?
It is a genetic code inside the nucleus of every cell
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What is a gene?
an instruction in DNA telling us how to make a specific protein
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What is an allele?
a different version of a gene
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What is a chromosome?
coiled up DNA
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Define Haploid
the number of different chromosomes in a cell (23)
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Define diploid
The total number of chromosomes in a cell (46)
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Describe mitosis
used for growth and repair, produces 2 daughter cells that are diploid and genetically identical to each other
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Describe Meiosis
used to produce gametes for sexual reproduction, produces 4 gametes that are haploid and genetically different to one another
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Define a dominant gene
a gene that will always affect the phenotype it is shown with a capital letter
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Define a recessive gene
a gene that won't affect the phenotype in the presence of a dominant allele it is shown with a lower case letter
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Define a codominant gene
a gene that affects the phenotype equally in the presence of another codominant gene it is shown by a capital letter
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Define phenotype
the physical appearance
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Define Genotype
he combination of alleles an individual possesses
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Define heterozygous
2 different alleles in a genotype
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Define Homozygous
both alleles the same in the genotype
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What chromosomes do females have?
2 x chromosomes
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What chromosomes do males have?
an x and a y chromosome
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How is variation within a species produced?
the environment and the genotype
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Describe mutation
a random change in the genetic code of a gene that will produce a slightly different protein to the original gene
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What are the different types of mutation?
neutral, beneficial and harmful
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What can cause mutation?
exposure to radiation and some chemicals
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Describe a DNA molecule
2 strands coiled to form a double stranded helix the trends are linked with paired bases
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What are the paired bases?
Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is asexual reproduction?

Back

reproduction with out fusion of gametes. It involves one parent and produces offspring genetically identical to parent

Card 3

Front

What is the role of the petal?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the role of the anther?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the role of the filament?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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