Renewable Energy

What is renewable energy?

All forms of energy produced from renewable sources in a sustainable manner. Includes bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, wind, solar etc.

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What are the 7 principles of energy law?

Permanent sovereignty over national resources
Access to modern energy services
Energy justice
Prudent, rational and sustainable use of resources
Protection of the environment
Energy security
Resilience

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Describe the international regime for renewable energy.

No set of rules specifically applicable to the energy sector - no express mention in the UNFCCC or KP. Many NDCs under the PA included RE goals.

International Energy Agency Statute (IRENA): assists with political framework, tech transfer and capacity bui

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What indirect legal mechanisms are contained in the international law regime?

WTO
Johannesburg Declaration
Sustainable Energy for All (SDG): 1. Ensuring universal access to modern services; 2. Doubling the share of renewables; 3. Doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency.
International Energy Agency
Development Banks

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What is the legal basis for EU competence to create RE legislation & the content?

Art 194: the MSs when establishing a union policy, need to ensure functioning of the energy market, secrutiy of supply, develop new & sustainable forms of energy and promote the interconnection of energy networks.

Recognises that MSs still have the right

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What are the 5 main dimensions of action within the energy union?

1. Energy security: diversification of all the sources of energy, suppliers and supply routes. Rview of supply agreement s& intergovernmental agreements with third countries.
2. Energy market: fully integrated EU wide energy market. Design takes into acco

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How is the energy union governed?

Through networks of public authorities by way of procedures and mechanisms for coordinating decision making. Form of political action based on the collective action of all public authorities, EU and international plane. Not hierarchial; method of coordina

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What is the objective of the RED 2009 and RED 2018?

RED I: common framework, mandatory national targets, sustainability criteria for biofuels. Target of 20% of energy needs from renewable energy by 2020; 10% for transport.

RED II: binding union target, rules on financial support, electricity and sustainab

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What amendments were made by RED II?

One legally binding EU wide target.
No legally binding national targets.
Interplay with the governance regulation.

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What are the integrated national energy and climate plans?

Art 3: MSs shall set national contributions to collectively meet the binding union target set. Drafts at 2018, final 2019, final assessment in 2020.

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What are prosumers and the relevant legislation for this?

Final customers who both consumer and produce RE.

Art 21 RED II: MSs are to ensure that consumers can become RE self-consumers.

Art 22 RED II: groups of prosumers as a legal entity with rights and obligations. Open and voluntary.

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What are the cooperation mechanisms in RED I?

Statistical transfers: energy deducted from one country's progress and added to another.

Joint projects: co funding of a RE project, share of the resulting energy. Can be done with non EU countries.

Joint support schemes: co fund a support scheme to spu

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How are the targets enforced?

RED I guaranteed by normal EU infringement proceedings so the commission can refer the case to the CJEU.

RED II art 32(3) interim targets: 2022, 2025 and 2027.

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Renewable Energy

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