Filtering of SMALL molecules from the blood into the Bowman's Capsule
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What is the definition of selective reabsorption?
When useful materials are returned back into the blood
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How are bigger moleucles filtered into the blood?
Molcules with a higher mr of 69000 such as some proteins, red and white blood cells will not be able to pass through the Bowman's Capsule. Instead they carry on in the bloodstream and gets taken away by the efferent arteriole
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What is the solution called in the Bowman's Capsule?
Filtrate
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What three layers do bigger molecules have to pass through?
Endothelial Wall - includes tiny holes, Basement Membrane - made up of glycoproteins and collagen fibres, Podocytes - have tiny slits
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How does selective reabsorption occur?
The filtrate from the Bowman's Capsule will travel to the proximal convoluted tubule. Selective reabsorption will then take place as useful components such as water, glucose and amino acids will be absorbed back into the blood
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What happens in the descending limb of the loop of henle?
In the descending limb, water is able to pass through the medulla because it is permeable to water. This happens by osmosis from a high concentration to a low concentration. Water potential is then increased
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What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of henle?
In the ascending limb, water is not able to pass through because it is impermeable to water. Intsead, sodium and chloride ions pass through to the medulla by active transport. This causes water potential to decrease
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What is the name of the cells that monitor the water potential of the blood?
Osmoreceptor Cells
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What is the name of the hormone that is produced in osmoregulation?
ADH
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What does the hormone bind to?
ADH binds to the receptors to the cells of the collecting duct or distal convoluted tubule.
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What makes the cells of the collecting duct or distal convoluted tubule permeable to water?
The vesicles contain aquaporins so when the vesicle fuses with the membrane, the aquaporins are then attacheed to the membrane whch allows water to pass through
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What is osmoregulation?
Controlling water content in the body
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What are kidney stones?
Small, solid masses that form when salts or minerals normally found in urine become solid crystals inside the kidney
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How can genetics cause development of Kidney Stones?
Urine has chemicals that prevent or inhibit the crystals from forming but it does not work for everyone which causes them to form stones
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How can lifestyle cause development of Kidney Stones?
Having a diet with certain chemicals or substances increase the chances of a stone forming
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How can infection cause development of Kidney Stones?
An infection in the urinary tract may have caused the stone to form
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What are common symptoms of Kidney Stones?
Severe pain in the back, pain when urinating, blood in urine, nausea, persistent need to urinate
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How does an X-Ray work?
It produces short bursts of X-Rays that pass easily through fluids and soft tissues of the body but are blocked by dense tissue such as bone
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How does an ultrasound work?
It uses hig frequency sound waves to produce an image of the internal organs. The ultrasound waves then bounce back to form a picture
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Why is lubricating jelly placed on the body in an ultrasound?
To allow the ultrasound to connect with the body
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What is the name of the non surgical treatment method that breaks the stones down by shockwaves?
Shock Wave Lithotripsy
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What is the name of the surgical treatment that breaks/pulls the stone out using a shockwave/laser/nephroscope?
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
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How can you prevent Kidney Stones from developing?
Drink a lot of water - it helps to dilute the minerals/salts that cause the stone to form and Change in Diet - a diet low in calcium is recommended.
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