The extent to which a procedure measures what it is intended to measure.
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What are the two types of validity?
Internal and External
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What is reliability?
The extent to which a measurement is reproducible.
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What is internal validity?
The ability of the researcher to state that the relationship he or she predicted between IV and DV does exist and is due to effects of IV not extraneous variables.
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What are the effects of uncontrolled variables called?
Secondary Variance
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What is external validity?
the degree to which results generalise to other subjects and situations.
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Factors that affect validity.
1) Non-random assignment 2) Maturation 3) Order effects 4) Regression towards the mean 5) Time 6) Participant drop-out/low response rate
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3 ways of dealing with secondary variance
1) Eliminate it 2) Hold it constant 3) Record as co-variate and correct for the effect in the statistics
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What does "holding it constant mean"
Treating all participants the same and testing under the same conditions.
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What are the three points of a well-designed experiment.
1) tend to have greater internal validity 2) may have less external validity as sample 3) strongest test of causal hypothesis
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What is a quasi-experiment?
conditions are based upon some inherent subject characteristic.
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What are observational studies
To determine if one factor is related to another factor.
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What does reliability depend on?
Measurement error
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What are three reliability measures?
1) Test-retest reliability 2) Inter-rater reliability 3) Based on correlation coefficients
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What are 5 methods of data collection?
1) Observation 2) Case Study 3) Surveys/Questionnaires 4) Experiments 5) Qualitative
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What is naturalistic observation?
allow behaviour to occur without interference or intervention by the researcher.
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What is the strength and weakness of naturalistic observation?
S - study behaviours in real settings (no observer effects) / W - often not easy to observe without being intrusive
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What are strengths and weaknesses of lab observation?
S - more structured, usually have observation schedule / W - subject to observer effects, less externally reliable
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What is a survey?
either a written questionnaire, verbal interview, or combination of the two, used to gather information about specific aspects of behaviour.
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What are strengths and weaknesses of surveys?
S: gather a lot of info in short time, gather info on issues that are not easily observable / W: self-report data (honesty questionable)
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What is a questionnaire?
usually paper-based test and then score answers to draw conclusions
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Strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires
S: can be very predictive and useful if valid / W: validity is questionable; honesty/social desirability of answers
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the two types of validity?
Back
Internal and External
Card 3
Front
What is reliability?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is internal validity?
Back
Card 5
Front
What are the effects of uncontrolled variables called?
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