Relationships Key Studies

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  • Created by: 10holdh
  • Created on: 27-02-17 12:31
Fischer
**** sons hypothesis shows that a female preference for a fit male determines which features are passed onto the offspring with similar qualities (runaway process)-
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Buss
10,000 adults, 33 countries, questions relting to age and variety of attributed which evolutionary psychologists predicted would be important in partner prference (females wanted resources and men wanted reproductive capabilities)
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Clark and Hatfield
Male and female psychology students went around campus asking if students would sleep with them. not a single female agreed but 75% of males did showing female's choosiness exists and that males have a different stategy to ensure reroductive success
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Chang et al
compared partner preferences in CHina over 25 years, some had changed but others reimained the same, therefore mate preference is an outcome of a combination of evolutionary adn social factors and any theory that fails to account for both is limited
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Singh et al
Waist- hip ratio (WHR). WHR needs to be around 0.7 to be attractive, as it's an honest sign of fertility and that you're not pregnant.
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Wanforth and Dunbar
Lonely hearts advertisments studies, women tended to offer physical attractiveness and indicators of youth, whilst men offered resources and sought youth
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Altman and Taylor
Social penetration theory- reciprocal exchange of info between partners. as more personal info is revealed they penetrate more into the other's life. Showed that self- disclosure must increase in depth and breadth for a deeper connection to form
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Reis and Shaver
A reciprocal element to self disclosure needed
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Sprecher and Hendrick
found that couples in satisfying relationships discose more and believe their partners do too.
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Tang et al
Identified cultural differences in self disclosure, in individualist cultures self disclosure meant more sexual thoguhts than in collectivist cultures. Therefore limited in generalisability
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Shackelford and Larson
people with symmetrical faces are more attractive (neotenous features as triggers protective/caring instinct).
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McNulty et al
Initial attractiveness is an important feature of the relationship after marriage for at least several years.
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Dion et al
Halo effect- found that physically attractive people are consistenctly rated as strong, kind, sociable, and successful, becomes a self fulfilling prophecy.
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Walster et al
Matching hypothesis- compromise with someone of a similar attractiveness as fear of rejection. Value ourselves against others.
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Palmer and Peterson
found that physically attractive people are seen to be more politically competent even if told they have no particlar expertise. Existence of halo effect in everyday life
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Towhey et al
Found that some people are less senstivite to physical attractiveness when making judgements of personality and likeability.
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Feingold et al
Meta analysis, 17 studies, showed a correlation between attractiveness of real life partners
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Taylor et al
online dating choices tend to be for more physically attractive people. THey did not consider their own attractiness level- contradicting matching hypothesis
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Kerckhoff and Davs
proposed filter theory, factors such as proximity and education level redue field of availables and this isfurther decreased through similiarilty in attitudes and complemenarity.
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Byrne
described law of attraction as being due to similarity, produces a field of desirables.
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Winch
found similarity in early stages of most satisfying relationships, and complementarity started later
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Anderson et al
found that partners in satisfying relationships become more similar as time goes on (emotional convergence) through his longituditonal study. Showing an error in causality
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Thibault and Kelley
Social Exchange THeory (SET), economic theory, predicting that people want a net profit and try to maximise their rewards and minimise their costs. Also comparison level of rewards and comaprison of alternatives.
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Clark and Mills
Suggest that not all relationships involving exchange of rewards and comparison with costs (e.g. communal realtionships)
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Miller
People who rated themselves as being highly committed in a relationship spent less time looking at alternatives, and were together for at least 2 months afterwards so SET cannot account for direction of causation
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Walster et al
What matters most with equity is that both partners' profits is roughly the same. if a lack of equity some undr andsome over- benfit and become disatissfied- equity theory
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Utne et al
found that couples in an equitable relationship are more satisfied than those who over/ under benefit.
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Aumer- Ryan et al
Found cultural differences between equity and satisfaction. Compred couples in collectivist cutlures and individualist cultures. Individualist cultures preferred equity which collectivist cultures preferred to over-benefit
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Huseman et al
Some people less sensitivee to equity. benebvolents= prepared to contribute more than what they get out while entitled believe they deserve to overbenefit and accept it without feeling guilty- individual differences
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Clark and Mills
Equity matters more in non-romantic relationships, less important in romantic satisfaction
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Rusbult
Rusbult's investment model argues that the main psychological factor about why people stay in relationships is commitment rather than satisfaction
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Le and Agnew
meta analysis showed all three factors of the model predicted relationship commitment
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Rusbult and Martz
found that abused partners who were committed reported greatest investment and lowest CLalt.
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Goodfriend and Agnew
Extended the theory to include the importance of future plans as part of the investment
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Duck
proposed a phase model of relationship breakdown. The road to break up begins once a partner realises that they are disatisfied about the way things are going. Each phase marked by one partner reaching a 'threshold', where perception changes
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Rollie and Duck
Added resurrection phase and empahsised the processes within the model ( no longer linear movement through stages)
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Felmlee
Felmlee's fatal attraction hypothesis argues that the attractive qualities that brought the romantic partners together can cause the breakdown. Felmlee's model is better at identifying the factors that create the breakdown
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Sproull and Kiesler
CMC relationships are less effective than FtF ones as lack cues normally depended on with FtF leading to de-individuation as it reduces people’s sense of individual identity, which encourages disinhibition in relating to others.
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Walther
hyperpersonal model- Online relationships can be more personal and involve greater self-disclosure than FtF ones as CMC relationships can develop quickly and self-disclosure happens earlier.
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McKenna and Bargh
absence of gating allows self disclosure to become more frequent and deeper quicker than FtF ones.
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Walster and Tidwell
CMC involves different cues rather than a lack of them (e.g. timings and emojis) so emotional states can be expressed
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Whitty and Joinson
Found that CMC is more direct, blunt, hyperhonest and hyperdishonest than FtF ones, supporting model
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McCutcheon
parasocial relationships formed due to defeceits in own lives (absorption-addication model) and develped celebrity attitude scale
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Maltby et al
demonstrated correlations between level of celebrity worship and poor psychological functioning (e.g. anorexia)
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McCutcheon et al
found no correlation between insecure attachemnt type and parasocial involvement
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Schmid and Klimmt
Tendency to form parasocial relationships occurs across very different cultures
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Card 2

Front

10,000 adults, 33 countries, questions relting to age and variety of attributed which evolutionary psychologists predicted would be important in partner prference (females wanted resources and men wanted reproductive capabilities)

Back

Buss

Card 3

Front

Male and female psychology students went around campus asking if students would sleep with them. not a single female agreed but 75% of males did showing female's choosiness exists and that males have a different stategy to ensure reroductive success

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

compared partner preferences in CHina over 25 years, some had changed but others reimained the same, therefore mate preference is an outcome of a combination of evolutionary adn social factors and any theory that fails to account for both is limited

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Waist- hip ratio (WHR). WHR needs to be around 0.7 to be attractive, as it's an honest sign of fertility and that you're not pregnant.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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