Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration

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What 2 hormones are involved in glucose concentration control?
Insulin and glucagon
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What can cause blood glucose concentration to increase?
Diet (carbohydrate rich foods, broken down, releases glucose), Glycogenolysis (Glycogen broken down into glucose), Gluconeogenesis (amino acids into glucose)
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What can cause blood glucose concentration to decrease?
Respiration (using up ATP in cells and during exercise you use a lot more) and glycogenesis (glucose to glycogen)
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Glycogenolysis
Glycogen to glucose
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Gluconeogenesis
The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, like fatty acids and amino acids
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Glycogenesis
The production of glycogen from glucose
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Where is insulin produced?
Beta-cells
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When is insulin released?
When the blood glucose concentration is too high (detected by B-cells)
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Where is glucagon produced?
Alpha-cells
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When is glucagon released?
When blood glucose concentration is too low (detected by a-cells)
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What does insulin do to the body?
Increases rate of absorption of glucose, increases cell respiratory rate, Increases the rate of glycogenesis, increases rate of glucose to fat conversion, inhibits release of glucagon
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How does insulin create this effect?
All cells have insulin receptors, insulin binds to its glycoprotein receptor, changes tertiary structure causing glucose transport protein channels to open, more glucose enters cell for respiration, also activates enzymes to convert to fat&glycogen
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Give an example of negative feedback with insulin
When the blood glucose concentration goes below the set levels, it is detected by B-cells and so the reduce their secretion of insulin, insulin is broken down by enzymes in the liver, changes are reversed and returned back to set level
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Which cells in the body have glucagon receptors?
Liver cells and fat cells
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How does glucagon raise blood glucose concentration?
Glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen into glucose), Gluconeogenesis (conversion of glycerol and amino acids to glucose), reducing amount of glucose absorbed by liver cells
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Give an example of negative feedback with glucagon
When the blood glucose level goes above set level the a-cells reduce glucagon secretion, turning the corrective measures off and returning system to its original level
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The maintenance of blood glucose concentration is a regulatory system, but what type is it said to be and why?
Self-regulating- The level of blood glucose in the blood is determind by amount of insulin and glucagon released, fluctuation happens due to negative feedback
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Apart from eating high carb foods, suggest another reason as to why blood glucose levels could be high
Adrenaline is released in times of stress, raises blood glucose concentration to allow more respiration (fight or flight response)
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State the 'normal state' of the B-cells
The potassium channels are open and so potassium ions diffuse out of the cell, inside the cell the potential is -70mV
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Explain the process which makes the B-cells depolarize
More glucose enters cell via glucose transporters, glucose is metabolised inside mitochondria, producing ATP, ATP binds to potassium channels closing them, now -30mV as no K+ can move out, depolarization
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Why does depolarization need to happen to the B-cell?
So that calcium ions can diffuse in and stimulate the vesicles carrying insulin to fuse to the plasma membrane (exocytosis)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What can cause blood glucose concentration to increase?

Back

Diet (carbohydrate rich foods, broken down, releases glucose), Glycogenolysis (Glycogen broken down into glucose), Gluconeogenesis (amino acids into glucose)

Card 3

Front

What can cause blood glucose concentration to decrease?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Glycogenolysis

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Gluconeogenesis

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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