Regulating Blood Glucose and Body Temperature

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  • Created by: Lotto65
  • Created on: 15-10-17 18:02
What is normal blood glucose concentration in the blood?
4-8 millimoles per dm cubed of blood
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What monitors blood glucose levels in the blood and secretes hormones to regulate it?
Pancreas cells
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Which hormones are secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels?
Insulin and glucagon
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Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood glucose level?
Insulin
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What type of pancreas cells secrete insulin?
Beta cells
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What does insulin do?
Stimulates liver and muscles to absorb glucose and convert it to glycogen
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How is glycogen stored?
In granules
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What can glucose also be stored as?
Fat
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As well as convertion to glucose, what do other cells do after the secretion of insulin?
Use it for respiration instead of storing it as fat
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When is glucagon secreted?
In response to low blood glucose level
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What type of cells secrete glucagon?
Alpha cells in the pancreas
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What does glucagon do?
Stimulates the liver to break glycogen down into glucose and release it into the blood; stimulates synthesis of glucose from fats and amino acids
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What is diabetes mellitus?
Control of blood glucose does not work effectively and concentration can rise and fall beyond normal limits
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When does type 1 diabetes normally start?
During childhood
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When does type 2 diabetes normally start?
After childhood
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What causes type 1 diabetes?
The immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas so amount of insulin secreted is insufficient
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What causes type 2 diabetes?
Target cells become insensitive to insulin
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What is NOT an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes based on what causes it?
Injections
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How do you monitor and control type 1 diabetes?
Blood glucose levels measured regularly and insulin injections before a meal
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What causes type 2 diabetes?
Diets rich in fat and low in fibre; obesity from over-eating and lack of exercise; genetic factors to affect fat metabolism
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What helps type 2 diabetes?
Low carbohydrate diets
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What does NOT help type 1 diabetes?
Diet control
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Which gland secretes thyroxin?
Thyroid gland
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Why is thyroxin's chemical structure unusual?
Contains four iodine atoms
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Prolonged deficiency of iodine in the diet prevents...
Production of thyroxin
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What are the target cells for thyroxin?
All cells
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What are the main targets for thyroxin?
Liver, muslce, brain (most metabolising)
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Why are all cells target cells for thyroxin?
Thyroxin controls metabolic rate
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What does a higher metabolic rate do to the body?
Supports more protein synthesis, generates more body heat and more growth
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How is thyroxin used for heat generation?
Involved in making you shiver and in uncoupled cell respiration in brown adipose tissue
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If you are cold, is thyroxin secreted?
Yes
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What have recent studies shown about thyroxin?
Causes vasoconstriction in vessels travelling from core to skin to reduce heat loss
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What happens if less thyroxin is secreted?
Reduced metabolic rate, vasodilation of skin arterioles, reduced respiration in brown adipose tissue
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What happens if more thyroxin is secreted?
Increased metabolic rate, shivering, increased respiration by brown adipose tissue, vasoconstriction of skin arterioles
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Give examples of what is controlled in homeostasis
Blood pH, blood glucose concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, body temperature, water balance
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What in general measures the levels of a homeostatic variable?
Receptors or sensors
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What in general regulates the levels of a variable?
Coordinating centre
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What in general brings about the changes directed by the coordinating centre?
Effectors
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Why type of feedback system is homeostasis?
Negative
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What two body systems are involved in homeostasis?
Endocrine and nervous systems
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What does the endocrine system consist of?
Glands
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Glands secrete chemicals where?
Into the bloodstream
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What do hormones do?
Circulate in the blood and stimulate specific cells
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Will all cells respond to a specific hormone?
No only target ones
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Why do only certain cells respond to a hormone?
If they have the receptor for the hormone on their plasma membrane
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What are hormone receptors made of?
Glycoproteins
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What is the name of cells that detect blood sugar level changes?
Islet cells in pancreas
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Why is glucose found in the urine of diabetics?
Kidney threshold is exceeded as blood glucose level gets too high so not all is reabsorbed
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What causes thirst?
Urine volume increases
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What causes weight loss in diabetics?
Muscle tissue is broken down
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What is a new answer to treating type 1 diabetes?
Production of beta cells from embryonic stem cells
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What can you eat to help type 2 diabetes?
Foods high in fibre e.g. lentils, beans, pulses, wholegrain cereals. Low saturated fats, salt, sugary or fatty food
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Which part of the brain controls the thyroxin production?
Hypothalamus
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What monitors blood glucose levels in the blood and secretes hormones to regulate it?

Back

Pancreas cells

Card 3

Front

Which hormones are secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood glucose level?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What type of pancreas cells secrete insulin?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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