Reformation to Revolution- The French Revolution

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  • Created by: Heather
  • Created on: 19-04-17 16:57
The French Revolution is seen as the moment what starts?
Modernity- 'Birth of modernity'
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Give some examples of the key concepts it began which characterise modernirty?
Liberty, human rights, equality,
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Geographically, where did most of the Revolution occur?
Paris
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What was the French revolution?
Political narrative focused on the monarchy, powerful politicians, bourgeoisie etc.
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For the causes of the French revolution, what does Hunt argue scholarly attention has focused on for causes?
Causes such as food shortages and on major mechanisms e.g. push for democracy or resistance to women's rights,
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What is another cause based on the contrast to wealth/ ownership between the clergy and nobility vs peasants?
Clergy own 1/10 of land as well as another 1/10th through taxes, -Nobility own a 1/4 of the land, -Whereas peasants who work the land are poorly paid,
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What is another cause based on food shortages?
1788 Harvest failure- Poor are hit hard with extreme poverty and economic disaster
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What is another cause based on grain prices?
Deregulation of grain prices- Instead of a fixed price, they opened the borders for exports-
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Why opening up borders for exports a disaster?
A disaster during a harvest failure as it leads to a lack of food for the people
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What is another cause based on taxes?
Tax burden of the poor,
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For another cause, where was France spending lots of money for imperial warfare prior to the harvest?
Imperial warfare in Indian and North America
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What was France like during this warfare based on the economy?
They had a poor economy and were bankrupt- They were fighting may wars and loosing
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Give examples of France losing wars?
Britain fought France out of India and so France is losign battles in the seas and North America,
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What is another cause based on politics and structure?
Unreformed political structure
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What does this mean for bread and grain and food?
hey are in cntrol of the nobility and clergy who appear to have no interest in the county,
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What is another cause based on America not trading with France?
merican War of Independence- Led to the country trading with Britain, who was their enemy, instead of France
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What is another cause based on the rise of what and circulation of what?
Rising literacy and circulation of ideas
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What kind of ideas were circulating from the 18th century after burst of ideas during what?
-Reason, liberty and right -Burst of ideas during the Enlightenment
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What were two main move in Enlightenment in ideas?
1) Move from reason and rationality rather than speculation 2) problem of monarchy who uses imperialism,
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For example due to this circulation of ideas, what do idea do the poor begin to question about the King?
Divine Right- Questionning the King's divine right to rule,
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What will historians explanations for causes depend on?
Their approach,
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What will poitical historians highlight abotu cases?
The unreformed political structure
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What will economic/ social historians highlight?
The relationship between tax and social protest, including the rise of literacy
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What will intellectual historians highlight?
The circulation of ideas
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What will military and international historians highlight?
Imperial warfare
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What will cultural historian look at?
How ideas gain expression and change peoples' understanding of themselves in relationship to power
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For what was the french revolution was, what historian focused on what during the French revolution as well as the role of the guillotine?
Carlisle- Focused on the men negotiating with those in power during the revolution
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When was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen introduced?
1789
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What happened in 1792?
Overthowing of the French monarchy and declaration of Republic
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What happened in 1793?
Execution of Louis XVI
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When was the Terror and French Revolutionary Wars?
1794-1799
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When was the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte?
1799
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For the reason for the Declaration of Rights of Men and the Citizen, why was Louis bankrupt?
From foreign wars, over-spending etc.
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However, who held the burden of taxes?
Burden was on the poor, not those who coudl pay it
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France is dominated by what structure?
By an unbalanced structure,
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In this state of Bankruptcy, what do the people decide?
They decide they need to find a solution
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What are the three classes of people?
First Estate (nobility), Second Estate (Clergy), Third Estate (The People)
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What do the Third Estate protest about?
They argue there is a terrible political set up
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What do they demand?
They demand change- THey want more power,
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What was the response of the first and second estate?
They refused
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What do the Third Estate create as they gain sympathy?
They create their own assembly- ANyone who has privileges don't get a say in politics as they don't have the good of the nation as their main aim,
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Therefore, they create this declaration for what two main reasons?
-Equalling of power, -To ensure the monarchy isn't absolute
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How do the Third Estate become radical?
Leads to overthrow of French monarchy as well as abolition of nobility
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Can the nobility own land after this?
No-Land from the Church is also taken and shared with the people,
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Give Article I of the declaration
Men are born and remain free and equal in rghts. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good,
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Give Article II of the declaration?
THe goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression
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Therefore France is in Civil War. How do other monarchs in Europe view this?
Various monarchs of Europe are alarmed by this radicalism and so France are at warwith European powers as well as against the royalists and those who want to maintain the monarchy
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What does Michelet argue about the revolution about Law, Right and Justice?
"I define the Revolution-the advent of the Law, the resurrection of Right and reaction of Justice"
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What else does he argue about the revolution and how bloody it was?
He argues the revolution had to go through a bloody stage, but ultimately for him it was something inevitable,
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What does he argue about what the bloody revolution created?
It created life and liberty in the world, and is the first to think about rights and justice
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What did Jaures argue about the French Revolution?
"The French Revolution...created th two indispensable conditions of socialism: democracy and capitalism. But fundamentally it represented the advent of bourgeois rule
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What type of history did Jarues provide about the French Revolution and how did she view it?
-Socialist History of the French Revolution- She saw it as a war between bourgeois and proletariat and was heavily influenced by the works of Marxism
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Therefore, what does she see the French Revolution as the beginning of?
Capitalism
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For where was French Revolution, where did the ideas of the Revolution spread?
They spread globally from India to Madrid and circulated their principles
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What does Hunt argue about the spread of French Revolution ideas?
Hardly anyone or any country was exempt from the impact of French Revolutionary ideas and wars
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Where in particular were revolutionary ideas embraced and tred to be applied at home?
Radicals in the United States, Great Britain, the Western German states and various Italian cities,
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Therefore, what link is there between the ideas and global?
It is a global network of ideas and actions,
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it isn't just about political events. What are the four things the revolution is always about?
1) Slave rebellion in plantation colonies, 2)Haitian independence, 3) Women's campaign against slavery, 4) Global legacy of French revolution
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When was the Haitian Revolution?
1791-1804
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In Haiti, what was there a boom in in 1730s?
Production of sugars, irrigation systems,
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How much of the colony's population was made up of slaves?
89%
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Therefore why was Haiti a coomplicated social make-up?
The slaves dramatically out number all the others and outnumer the white plantation owners
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What black men are also there that aren't slaves and what are their amount in the population?
-Free men of colour, -Although the majority there are slaves
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The French Revolution's cry of 'rights' and 'liberty' looks how from slave plantations there?
It looks hypocritical,
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Who was the slave revolt led by and when?
1791, -Touissant L'Ouverture
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For one reason why Hunt argues Saint Domingue was an international hot spot, give a reason based on global circulation,
-Global circulation of people (slaves, merchants, sailors, immgirants)
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Give another reason based on goods?
Global circuation of commodities (sugar tobacco, coffee, cotton, indigo)
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Give another reason based on ideas?
Global circulation of ideas (independence, rights, racism)
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In 1794, what is declared abotu slavery?
Constituent Assembly declares end of slavery- It was forced to by the revoolt,
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The Revolution liberated what amount of the Caribbean slave population?
1/3
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What did the Revolution also end?
Their role as the biggest exporter of sugar and cofee
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When does Haiti declare itself independent and after what event?
1804, After Napolean declares slavery legal again
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The French Revolution's cry of 'rights' and 'liberty' looks how from slave plantations there?
It looks hypocritical,
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Who was the slave revolt led by and when?
1791, -Touissant L'Ouverture
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For one reason why Hunt argues Saint Domingue was an international hot spot, give a reason based on global circulation,
-Global circulation of people (slaves, merchants, sailors, immgirants)
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Give another reason based on goods?
Global circuation of commodities (sugar tobacco, coffee, cotton, indigo)
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Give another reason based on ideas?
Global circulation of ideas (independence, rights, racism)
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In 1794, what is declared abotu slavery?
Constituent Assembly declares end of slavery- It was forced to by the revoolt,
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The Revolution liberated what amount of the Caribbean slave population?
1/3
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What did the Revolution also end?
Their role as the biggest exporter of sugar and cofee
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When does Haiti declare itself independent and after what event?
1804, After Napolean declares slavery legal again
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What does Hunt argue about echoes of the 1789 revolution in french cononies?
They were even louder, a free men of colour demanded equal political rights with their white counterparts,
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Who describes the global impact of the Haitan?
Hunt
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Where in particular was the impact felt of the revolution?
Other Caribbean Islands and South American countries
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Within a month of the initial uprising, describe the impact in these islands?
Jamaican slaves were singing songs about it
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Who does Hunt argue refused to recognise Haiti after they declared independece?
United States, France, Great Britain,
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For a global effect, who in 1816 did Haiti's president help arm and allowed hundreds of Haitian fighters to sail with him to contest Spanish dominance?
Simon Bolivar
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What did Bolivar do in return?
To ty and abolish slavery wherever he succeeded
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Were they successful?
THey abolished slavery itself between 1829 (mexico) an 1853, although it continued in colonial cuba, imperial Brazil and Southern unites states,
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Therefore, who did the Haitain example inspire?
Abolitionists on both sides of the Atlantic,
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What did Bayly argue about the age of revolutions and changesin human life?
'The age of revolutions had quite dramatically speed up' the two changes in human life that he considers crucial: 'the growth of uniformity between societies and the growth of complexity within them'
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Although, why does Hunt criticise Bayly?
For missing a crucial gender dimension in these developments
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What historian argued about the 'Great Masculine Renunciation' after the Revolution?
Flugel
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What is the 'Great Masculine Renunciation'?
Man abandoned his claim to be considered beautiful- Middle and upper class men gave up their knee breeches for the trousers previously worn by the working class,
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For slavery as part of the French revolution, why is it difficult to look into this topic?
As it is difficult to gain archives from the slaves themselves
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What French abolitionist society did Davidson argue was created and what were their arguments on?
1788, -'The society of the Friends of Blacks, -Their arguments were on the abuses of slavery and the notion of human rights,
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What did revolutionary talks inspire people who to do?
-Women and free people of colour were inspired to finally voice their views
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What was the effect of their views?
Privileges of the nobility were abolished,
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When was the national assembly that produced what abotu equality?
-4th August, -Produced a transnational logic of equality,
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What did the text say was was addressed to the National Assemly in October 1789 about the lack of effects of this idea?
"yet still you allow thirteen million slaves shamefully to wear irons of thirteen million despots"
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In 1791 what did the National Assembly temporarily allow in the hope of what?
It granted citizenship rights to free men of colour in the hope they would help put down slave riots
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Give some examples of passionate feminist abolitionists?
Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges
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When was slavery finally abolished in the colonies?
4th February 1794
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However, when did Napoleon come to power and what did he work to reinforce?
-1799, -He reinstated slavery
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Give an example of how slavery was reintroduced in the Caribbean?
Troops were sent to the Caribbean in 1802 and successfully re-enslaved former slaves, although with a fight,
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When were feminists fighting for the right of equality?
1790s
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Their campaigns against slavery due to theri relations as 'property of their husbands' created what movement?
A proto-feminist movemet
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For the declaration of the rights of man, what is there a lack of destinction for?
Does men include women, people of colour, and slaves?
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For Davidson and feminism, how does he describe what it is?
An effort to attain rights for women equal to those accorded to men, and therefore battle against women's subordination within society
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What was humanist slavery?
A broader efort to fight all forms of inequaity associated with feminism, including slavery,
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What does Davidson argue dominant views of the Revolution show about gender roles?
That they wre tightened through the new politicised public sphere
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Hiwever, what does he argue more recent scholarships show about the revolution?
That it empowered women and encourgaed debates about women's rights,
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Who offered a revision of the official declaration named 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen'?
Olympe de Gouge
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What did this offer a revision of?
The official Declaration with 17 articles calling for equal participation and rights for women,
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What was a drawback in feminism during the Terror period in October 1793?
Legislation was passed forbidding a woman from forming or joinin political clubs
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Why was this legislation passed?
It was seen as "unnatural" for a woman to concern herself with politics and instead shoudl raise the children, cook and clean
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What did women do in 1795?
A large group of women marched into the legislature demanding a return of it,
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Did feminist movement continue?
Yes- E.g. Pipelet- She stated that after 10 years of fighting for 'liberty and equality', half of humanity continued to be denied rights
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What was another drawback in the feminist movement in 1804?
Napoleonic Code- Made divorce more difficult and stated "the husband owes protection to his wife, and wife obedience to her husband."
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Debates about colonial slavery, gender roles and women's rights shaped what as ideas spread?
They shaped political developments in revolutionary France
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Does Davidson argue these concerns remain vibrant with early liberals?
These concerns remained vibrant as early liberals sought to define their movement against Napoleonic policies, particularly slavery,
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Give some examples of the key concepts it began which characterise modernirty?

Back

Liberty, human rights, equality,

Card 3

Front

Geographically, where did most of the Revolution occur?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the French revolution?

Back

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Card 5

Front

For the causes of the French revolution, what does Hunt argue scholarly attention has focused on for causes?

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