Reasons For Forgetting

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What is the basis of interference?
2 pieces of information conflict with each other resulting in the forgetting/distortion; LTM
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What is proactive interference?
When old memories interfere with new ones; [e.g the cutlery has been moved to a different draw, but you still go to the old draw]
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What is retroactive interference?
When new memories interfere with old memories; [e.g you used to know French, but since learning Spanish, you forget French words)
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What experiment did Burke and Skrull do?
Got participants to listen to 2 sets of advertisements; found that some remembered old adverts, some remembered new; interference was worse if acoustically similar
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What experiment did Postman do?
2 groups; gave the experimental group 2 lists of words to remember, rather than 1; second list displaced the new (retroactive)
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What experiment did McGeoch and McDonald do?
Studied retroactive interference, learned a list with 100% accuracy, then given a second list; similar material in the second list resulted in the worst recall
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What did Ceraso say about interference?
It is a problem with accessibility, not availability
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What are the evaluative points of interference research?
Artificial material, most are lab experiments - highly controlled;
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What research did Baddeley and Hitch do for interference?
Asked rugby players to remember who they had played that season; recall was worse if they had missed a game and then played since then; better if they had missed all games until questioning; retroactive interference; real-life applications
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What is the basis retrieval failure?
Insufficient cues mean information can not be accessed
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What is the Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)?
Put forward by Tulving; if a cue is to help us, it must be present at encoding as well as the time of recall; e.g context-dependent or state-dependent cues
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What did Tulving and Pearlstone do to investigate the effects of cues?
Participants were able to recall 60% of words with cues, whilst those without cues could only remember 40%
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What did Nairne do to contradict cues?
The use of cues to recall information is correlational, not causation
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What did Godden and Baddeley do to investigate context-dependent forgetting?
Made scuba divers remember a list of words underwater or on land, then recall them on land or underwater; those who did both tasks in the same location recalled best (40% more)
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What did Goodwin do to investigate state-dependent forgetting?
Gave drunk and sober people a list of words to remember and asked them to recall 24hrs later; those in the same state recalled the best
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What are the evaluative points of the research into retrieval failure?
Context-dependency only affects certain types of learning (has little effect over recognition, but great over recall); contexts in real life are often not that different - have little effect; artificial material; ESP is not testable (unknown cues)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is proactive interference?

Back

When old memories interfere with new ones; [e.g the cutlery has been moved to a different draw, but you still go to the old draw]

Card 3

Front

What is retroactive interference?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What experiment did Burke and Skrull do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What experiment did Postman do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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