Reason and Experience - Intro Key Terms

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Idea
a concept of a single thing or relation, e.g. 'God'.
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Declarative sentence
A sentence which is not a command, question, or exclamation, which you could write 'it is the case that' before it grammatically, e.g. 'Abi is eating chocolate'.
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Proposition
The meaning behind a declarative statement, e.g. 'soy una puta' and 'I'm a whore'.
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Truth
A property of propositions. Traditionally, a proposition is true when it matches, or corresponds to a state of affairs in the external world or in the mind, e.g. 'Collyers is in Horsham'.
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A true proposition
A proposition with the property of truth
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Falsity
A property of a proposition. Traditionally, a proposition is false when it does not match or correspond to a state of affairs in the external world or in the mind, e.g. 'Ayo has green hair'.
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A false proposition.
A proposition with the property of falsehood.
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A belief
A proposition taken to be true (by a person), e.g. 'Abi is the best person in the world'.
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A justified belief
A proposition taken to be true by a person, who has the rational right to take that belief as true.
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Knowledge
A justified true belief
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Practical knowledge
The knowledge someone has when they can do something, e.g. a baby knows how to cry.
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Knowledge by acquaintance
Knowledge someone has of something because of direct experience with that thing, e.g. I know Paris (as I have been there on holiday)
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Propositional knowledge
Knowledge of propositions. A justified true belief, with belief understood in the propositional sense, e.g. 'I am typing this on my laptop.'
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Analytic truth (tautology)
A truth that is true by definition, e.g 'all bachelors are unmarried'
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Analytic falsehood
A falsehood that is false by definition, e.g 'all bachelors are married'
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Analytic proposition
A proposition that is true or false solely by the meaning of its terms
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Synthetic truth
A truth that is not true by definition, but by the facts of the world, e.g. 'Nelsons Column is in Trafalgar Square'
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Synthetic falsehood
A falsehood that is not false by definition. but by the facts of the world.
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Synthetic proposition
A proposition that is not true or false solely by thje meaning of its terms, but by the facts of the world.
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Argument
A set of propositions put forward to show that a further proposition is true, and rationally establish the truth of this further proposition.
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Premises (of an argument)
The set of propositions put forward in an argument.
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Conclusion (of an argument)
The proposition that an argument intends to establish as true.
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Deductive argument
An argument put forward to establish its conclusion as certainly true, and this conclusion is 'contained' in the premises, e.g. 'Socrates is a man. All men are mortal. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.'
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Valid deductive argument
An argument where if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true, e.g. 'The Eiffel Tower is in Paris. Paris is in the UK. Therefore, the Eiffel Tower is in the UK.'
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Sound deductive argument
A valid deductive argument in which all premises are true, e.g. 'The Eiffel Tower is in Paris. Paris is in France. Therefore, the Eiffel Tower is in France.'
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Inductive arguments
An argument put forward to establish its conclusion as probably true, and the conlusion is not 'contained in' the premises, and the argument is either weak or strong, e.g. 'all ravens I have seen are black. Therefore, all ravens are black.'
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A possible world
A way the world might have been.
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A necessary truth
A truth that has to be true, and is true in all possible worlds, e.g. 'All bachelors are unmarried.'
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A necessary falsehood
A falsehood that has to be false, and is false in all possible worlds
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A necessary proposition
A proposition that has the same truth in all possible worlds, and is either a necessary truth or a necessary falsehood.
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A contingent truth
A truth that does not have to be true, and is not true in all possible worlds, e.g. 'Nelson's Column is in Trafalgar Square'
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A contingent falsehood
A falsehood that doesn't have to be false, and is not false in all possible worlds
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A contingent falsehood
A proposition that does not have the same truth value in all possible worlds.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A sentence which is not a command, question, or exclamation, which you could write 'it is the case that' before it grammatically, e.g. 'Abi is eating chocolate'.

Back

Declarative sentence

Card 3

Front

The meaning behind a declarative statement, e.g. 'soy una puta' and 'I'm a whore'.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A property of propositions. Traditionally, a proposition is true when it matches, or corresponds to a state of affairs in the external world or in the mind, e.g. 'Collyers is in Horsham'.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A proposition with the property of truth

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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