An addition reaction in which hydrogen is added across a C=C bond
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What are the reagents, products and reaction conditions for hydrogenation?
Reagents: gaseous hydrogen and an alkene Products:alkane Conditions: 150 degress celcius, nickel catalyst
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What is a halogenation reaction?
An addition reaction in which a halogen is added across C=C bond
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What are the reagents and products for halogenation?
Reagents:Bromine water(halogen) and an alkene, Products: dihaloalkane, goes orange to colourless (decolourises)
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What is a hydration reaction?
An addition reaction between a gaseous alkene and steam (water) to make an alcohol
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What are the reaction conditions for hydration?
Phosphoric acid catalyst, 65atm and 300 degrees celcius
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What is an addition of hydrogen halides reaction?
Addition reaction in which a hydrogen halide is added across the C=C bond to produce a haloalkane. At least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom
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What are the reactions conditions for the addition of hydrogen halides?
Hydrogen halides are gases at room tempertures. These reactants are bubbled through the alkene to cause a reaction
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What are the reagents, products and condtions of oxidation of primary alcohols to an aldehyde?
Gently heat with acidified potassium dichromate (VI), distil immediately. Alcohol loses its hydrogen atom and is partially oxidised to an aldehyde and produces water. Colour change from orange to green
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What are the reagents, products and condtions of oxidation of primary alcohols to a carboxylic acid?
Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (VI). Carboxylic acid produced and a water molecule. Colour change from orange to green
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What are the reagents, products and condtions of oxidation of secondary alcohols to a ketone?
Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (VI). A ketone and a molecule of water are produced. Colour change from orange to green.
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What happens when a tertiary alcohol is oxidised?
No reaction accours. The colour remains orange.
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What is esterfication?
The chemical reaction used to make an ester which a -COOR functional group, where R is an alkyl chain.
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What are the reactions conditions for esterfication on a small labartory scale?
Few cubic centimetres of liquid alcohol and carboxylic acid are mixed in a test tube. Few drops of sulfuric acid catalyst. Heated to 80 degrees celcius in a hot water bath to increase the rate of reaction.
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What are the observations for esterfication on a small labartory scale?
Sweet smell noticable after a few minutes. As only small-molecule esters are soluable in water, many as visible as an oily layer floating on top of the reaction mixture
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What are the reaction conditions for esterfication on a large scale?
The reaction mixture is continually distilled to collect the ester product
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What is a dehydration reaction?
An elimination reaction where water is lost from an organic compound. For example, making an alkene from an alcohol
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What are the reagents, products and contions for a dehydration reaction?
Heat under reflux with concentrated sulfric or phosphoric acid catalyst for 40 minutes.An -OH from one Carbon and a H from the adjacent carbon are lost to form a water molecule and a Pi bond forms between the two adjacent carbon atoms
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What is a halide substitution reaction?
Halide ions react with an alocohol replacing the alcohol group to form a haloalkane
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What are the reagents, products and reaction conditions for halide substitution?
Reagents: hydrogen halide but for broide a salt like sodium bromide is used which reacts with sulfuric acid to form HBr in situ. Forms a haloalkane and water. Conditions: acid catalysts eg. Sulfuric acid (phosphoric acid for iodide) and warm
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What is nucleophillic subsititution and what happens?
A reaction where an atom of group of atoms is exchanged for a nucleophile, which is attrated to the partial positive charge on the carbon atom and donates its lone pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
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What is a hydrolysis reaction?
In haloalkanes it is a nucleophillic substitution reaction
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What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
Water provides the hydroxide ions as a nucleophile by undergoing heterolytic fission. This species attacks the electron deficient carbon atom in the haloalkane molcule. An alcohol and a halide ion are produced.
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What causes stratospheric ozone to be naturally decomposed?
UV radiation
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the reagents, products and reaction conditions for hydrogenation?
Back
Reagents: gaseous hydrogen and an alkene Products:alkane Conditions: 150 degress celcius, nickel catalyst
Card 3
Front
What is a halogenation reaction?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the reagents and products for halogenation?
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