Palalisation is the process by which non-palatal sounds become palatal as the point of articulation shifts, for example from the teeth or velum to the palate.
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Define palate
The palate is the roof of the mouth consisting of the hard palate and soft palate that separate the nasal and oral cavities.
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Stages of palatisation
1. Palatalisation 2. Affrication 3. Reduction
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What vowels affected /k/ and /g/ in the 1st wave of palatisation?
/e/ and /i/
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What vowel affected /k/ and /g/ in the 2nd wave of palatalisation?
/a/
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Describe the change to /k/ when followed by either /i/ or /e/
/k/ > /kj/ > /tj/ > /ts/ > /s/
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Describe the change to /g/ when followed by either /i/ or /e/
/g/ > /gj/> /dj/ > /dʒ/ > /ʒ/
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Describe the change to /k/ when followed by /a/
/k/ > /kj/ > /tj/ > /tʃ/ > /ʃ/
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Describe the change to /g/ when followed by /a/
/g/ > /gj/> /dj/ > /dʒ/ > /ʒ/
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Describe the articulatory process of palatalisation
/g/ and /k/ became palatalised before /i/, /e/, /a/ as they came to be pronounced so far forward in anticipation of the front vowels that they became palatalised plosives /tj/ and /dj/
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Define diphthongisation
Diphthongisation is the process whereby a monophthong has become a diphthong. Diphthongisation affected tonic free vowels - vowels that carry the main stress of the word and occur in open syllables.
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Define diphthong
A diphthong is a union of two vowel sounds in one syllable.
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Stages of diphthongisation
1. Lengthening 2. Differentiation 3. Further differentiation (early Old French) 4. Levelling (Old French to Modern French)
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What vowels were affected in the 1st diphthongisation?
/ɛ/ and /ɔ/
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When/where did the 1st wave of diphthongisation take place?
Vulgar Latin Period; pan-Romance sound change, evidence of 1st diphthongisation can be seen in other Romance languages e.g. Italian
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Describe the diphthongisation process of /ɛ/
/ɛ/ > /ɛ:/ > /iɛ/ > /jɛ/ OR /je/
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Describe the diphthongisation process of /ɔ/
/ɔ/ > /ɔ:/ > /uɔ/ > /uɛ/ > /œ/ OR /ø/
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When/where did the 2nd wave of diphthongisation take place?
Gallo-Roman period (9th-11th century); exclusive to Northern France, may be caused by the influence of strong stress accents of the Franks
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What vowels were affected in the 2nd wave of diphthongisation?
Nasalisation is a type of assimilation that is regressive of manner, as the following sound influences the preceding sound.
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Describe the articulatory process of nasalisation
Nasalisation occurs when the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of sound by the mouth.
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Describe the historical process of nasalisation
Latin: no nasal vowels > Old French: sound change left phonetically conditioned nasality > Modern French: 4 nasal phonemes [œ̃ ɔ̃ ɛ̃ ɑ˜]. 10th century: /a/ | /e/, /o/ | 13th century: /i/, /y/
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Stages of nasalisation
1. Nasalisation in anticipation of a following nasal consonant 2. lowering of the nasal vowel - air passage restricted so as a result the tongue lowered and the quality of each nasalised vowel over centuries lowered
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Stages of nasalisation (continued)
3. Blocked vowel > loss of nasal consonant (ceased to be pronounced in Mid French period) OR Free vowel > intervolic consonant remains and the vowel denasalises
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Card 2
Front
The palate is the roof of the mouth consisting of the hard palate and soft palate that separate the nasal and oral cavities.
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