Public Health

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What is the attitude called that the government had towards interfering in people's lives?
Laissez-faire
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What caused inactivity when it came to improving public health?
The laissez-faire attitude and the fact that improvements were expensive, meaning taxes would have to be raised (no benefit for the rich)
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What were housing conditions like in the industrial period?
Poor
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Why was the government forced to intervene?
Typhoid and cholera were on the increase, and Edwin Chadwick proved the connection between health and hygiene
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What was the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act?
Medical officers were appointed to workhouses to improve the health of the poor
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What was the 1848 Public Health Act?
The Central Board of Health was created and encouraged local Boards of Health to be set up to appoint a Medical Officer, provide sewers, inspect lodging houses and check food for impurities (not compulsory)
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What was made compulsory in 1853?
Vaccinations, yet no one was given the power to enforce them
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What was the 1855 Nuisance Removal Act?
It made overcrowded housing illegal.
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What was The Great Stink (1858)?
A horrendous smell polluted London when the summer heat caused the sewage smell to worsen. Even those in Parliament were afraid of the miasma, so they decided it was time to change things.
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What was the impact of Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory (1861)?
People realised sickness was not caused by miasma
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What was the 1864 Factory Act?
It made unhealthy conditions in factories illegal
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What was the 1866 Sanitary Act?
It made local authorities responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning
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What did the 1867 Reform Act do?
Said that every working man in the UK gets the vote, so the government had to start listening to the poor, not just the rich voters.
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What were Disraeli's reforms?
Artisans Dwellings Acts (1868 and 1875), Rivers Pollution Act (1876) and Food and Drugs Act (1875)
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What was the 1868 Artisan's and Labourers Dwelling Act?
Landlords had to keep properties in good shape or else the local authority could enforce repairs
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What happened in 1868?
The improvement of slum housing (or its demolition) was encouraged
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What was the 1871 Vaccinations Act?
Ensured the 1853 compulsory vaccinations were obeyed
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What was the 1875 Artisan's and Labourer's Dwelling Act?
Made the house owner responsible for keeping their property in good shape. Local authority could clear areas of poor housing and rehome people. Landlords were paid compensation if their property was demolished.
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What was the 1875 Public Health Act?
Brought together a range of acts such as sewers, drains, water supply, housing and disease. It was compulsory to have medical officers, sanitary inspectors in slaughterhouses, fresh water, street lamps, rubbish collectors and sewer cleaners
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What was the Food and Drugs Act (1875)?
Foods could not be mixed with impurities like chalk, and selling impure food and medicine became a crime
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What was the Rivers Pollution Act (1876)?
Factories could no longer dump waste into the rivers without facing prosecution
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What were living conditions like in the early 19th century?
Overcrowded and poor, with bad water and lots of disease. There were animals in houses and waste in the rivers.
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What were the consequences of bad living conditions?
The Great Stink, cholera and overflowing toilets
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What caused widespread disease?
Sewage in the drinking water caused cholera, and polluted air caused bronchitis
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Why was Edwin Chadwick trying to help the poor?
He knew living conditions were bad and causing disease, and that sick people could not work, so he wanted health reforms so there were more people working and save the government money
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How did John Snow discover the cause of cholera?
He mapped the deaths of cholera victims and found that most deaths were around the Broad Street pump. He did not try and help the issue apart from getting the pump shut off, he only found the cause.
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What did Joseph Bazalgette do and how successful was he?
He invented the modern sewer system despite the government denying his plans for years. After this, there was much less sewage in the water therefore less disease.
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Why was cholera so serious and how did the government try to stop it? (1831/32, 1848, 1853 and 1856)
32000 people had died by the year 1832, as it was in water which everyone had to drink. People tried to mask the miasma by burning tar.
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Who was Joseph Chamberlain and how did he improve Public Health?
He was Mayor of Birmingham and there, he improved education for children, improved gas and water supply and improved housing
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Who built the Model Village, Bournville, and what did it provide for the workers?
George Cadbury, and there were fields for sport, heated dressing rooms and swimming pools. There was also a church with frequent services like morning prayers and daily readings.
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Who built the Model Village, Port Sunlight, and what did it provide for the workers?
The Lever Brothers, and there was an art gallery, schools and hospitals. There was a church but the Lever Brothers were not religious.
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Why were Model Villages built?
To give the workers better homes and keep them close to the factory
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Why did Charles Booth investigate poverty?
H. H. Hyndman said that 25% of London's population was poor, and Booth did not believe this. He conducted a survey in the East End of London which proved that instead, 35% was poor (worse than expected)
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Why did Seebohm Rowntree investigate poverty?
He studied poverty in York, and found similar results to Booth. He categorised the 33% of people in poverty into primary poverty (15% - low earnings and could only just survive) and secondary poverty (18% - had enough money but spent it wastefully)
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What were workhouses like and who went there?
Harsh to encourage people to work elsewhere - mainly consisted of sick people and orphans who couldn't support themselves
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Why did the Boer war (1899) cause the government to make reforms?
UK recruits were so unhealthy that they were rejected from the army, so the government saw that the public health had to improve
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Why were German reforms impacting Britain?
German economy was growing and had already introduced sickness benefits, so the UK wanted to copy and prove that we were just as good
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Who were Lloyd George and Winston Churchill?
Heads of the Liberal Party who introduced the Liberal Welfare Reforms
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What was the Provision of School Meals Act (1906)?
Collected more tax from richer families to give poorer kids a free meal at school, to improve children's health - not compulsory
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How did the Medical Inspections for Children help in 1907?
Children were healthier and the idea of laissez-faire deteriorated, however the treatment was still expensive, though the inspection was free
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What was The Children's Charter (1908)?
Under 16s could not buy cigarettes, under 14s could not go into pubs and under 5s could not be given alcohol, children were taken away from neglectful parents, death sentence was abolished for children and borstals/juvenile courts were made
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What were Elderly and Old Age Pensions (1908)?
5 shillings a week for a single person and 10 for a married couple over 70, paid from taxes to keep old people from the workhouses
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What was the National Insurance Act of 1911?
Workers got free medical treatment and 30 shillings maternity benefits, employers paid in and employees got 10 shillings a week if ill, however this reduced their wages
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What caused inactivity when it came to improving public health?

Back

The laissez-faire attitude and the fact that improvements were expensive, meaning taxes would have to be raised (no benefit for the rich)

Card 3

Front

What were housing conditions like in the industrial period?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why was the government forced to intervene?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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