psychopathology treatment citings

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what was Freud's talking cure and when was it developed? why was it revolutionary?
developed in 19th century, drew attention to enbvironmental and social dimensions of mental illness - involved hypnosis to get patient to recall info they wouldn't when conscious
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When was the psychodynamic approach developed? By who? What was it?
Psychodynamic approach by Freud in 20th century; patients illness caused by unconscious internal conflicts developed in childhood, defence mechanisms developed as adults to cope but stop person from seeing world as it truly is.
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What is client centred therapy and when was it developed?
Rogers, 1951. Based on helping patient to accept themselves as they are and be themselves.
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What is motivational enhancement therapy (citation) and when was it developed (citation)?
Motivational enhancement therapy (Miller and Rollnick, 2002). Clarifies and reduces conflicts between how individuals are actually living and how they'd like to live (Ball et al, 2007).
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Gesalt therapy developed (citation)? what is it?
Gewalt therapy (Perle, 1967). Asked patients how they were feeling and pointed out discrepencies between what they said and how they appeared to be feeling.
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who invented systematic desensitisation for classical conditioning app for phobias (citation)? what does it involve (citation)?
Wolpe and Plaud, 1997. Involves in vivo desensitisation where pps is gradually exposed to feared stimulus and this may include homework assignments (Craske 1999).
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example of operant conditioning techniques to change behaviour in wards? what is the general effect of this (citation)?
Token economies. General effect is that they are likely to repeat desirable behaviour and that the ward atmosphere is much improved (Higgins et al, 2001).
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what is another example... CM... (citation)?
contingency management, person learns that certain undesirable behaviours will be followed by strict consequences (Craighead et al, 1994) and good behaviours with a reward.
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what is a study to do with contingency management (citation)? what were the results (citation)?
parents spent 40 hours a week to attempt to change the social behav of their 3 yr olds (Lovaas, 1987) & by first grade they were functioning successfully in school and the treatment gains still visible 4 yrs later (McEachin, Smith and Lovaas, 1993)
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Another example of behavioural treatment... mod... (Citation)?
modelling, i.e a therapist can display fearlessness towards phobic stimulus to diminish the phobia (Bandura, 1969).
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who invented the cognitive behavioural approach REBT and when (citation)? what is it?
REBT (Ellis, 1962). Based on theory that people believe that certain things that happen lead them to act certain ways, ABC model... ABCDE therapy.
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who was cognitive therapy by and when (citation)? what is it?
Beck, 1976. suggests that depressed people hold neg views about themselves, the world and the future... use cognitive restructuring to change maladaptive beliefs, highly structured sessions and homework.
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citation about couple and family therapy becoming major therapeutic movements? why?
Kerr and Bowen, 1988. Because they have become more frequently used as divorce rates and spousal abuse has increased.
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how is family therapy beneficial for those with mental health disorders (citation)?
theres evidence that patients with bipolar disorder are less likely to relapse if their treatment plan includes family interventions as well as medication (Miklowitz, 2007).
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benefits of antipsychotics i.e deinstitutionalisation (citation)?
the development of antipsychotics the 1950s spurred the deinstitutionalisation movement which aimed to allow for better and less expensive care for patients, worked as hospitals housed 600,000 patients at that time (Lambert).
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disadvs of antipsychotics i.e problems with deinstitutionalisation movement (citation)?
many patients didn't find appropriate care in the community and weren't integrated socially or in terms of employment, as shown by 200,000 mentally ill patients homeless or in jail in USA (Fleishman, 2004).
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how do the anti-depressants MAO and tricyclics work (citation)?
both work by increasing the amount of norepinephrine and serotonin available for synaptic transmission (Blier and Abbott, 2001).
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what are the side effects of anti depressants overall (citation)?
weight gain, nausea and 30% of patients suffer with insomnia and loss of sex drive (Clayton, 2001).
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what was the first mood stabiliser medication? how many people does it work on (citation)?
first mood stabiliser is lithium carbonate, but only works on 60-70% of patients (Miklowitz and Johnson, 2007).
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how do anxiolytics work (citation)?
anxiolytics work by increasing neurotransmission at synapses containing neurotransmitter GABA (Brailowsky and Garcia, 1999).
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what disadvs do the anxiety medication benzodiazepines have (citation)?
benzodiazepines have a rebound effect where patients stop taking the drug and end up being worse than they were before taking it (Chouinard, 2004).
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what is a disadvantage of anti-depressants (SSRIs in particular) and what is disputing evidence against this (citation)?
SSRIs usually cause side effects so strong that patients stop taking their medication, but some claim that this isn't the case and that SSRIs alleviate depression and decrease suicide risk (Bachtold, 2003).
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why is psychosurgery rarely used now (citation)?
because it has powerful side effects such as disruption of memory and the ability to plan so the procedure is now rarely used (Tierney, 2000).
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why is electro-convulsive therapy now used to treat depression as well as schizophrenia (citation)? effectiveness and???
now used on depression as it works on 70-90% of patients who didn't respond to anti-depressants (Andreasen and Black, 1996) and works quicker than anti-depressants (Fink, 2008).
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why is ECT controversial (citation)?
because it can produce memory impairments (Rami Gonzalez et al, 2001).
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how does deep brain stimulation work (citation)?
electrodes are planted in the subgenus cingulate cortex (associated with increased activity in those with depression) and are used to disrupt abnormal patterns of activity in this area (Mayberg et al, 2005).
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what are the benefits of therapy (citation)?
the patient gains a therapeutic alliance which helps them to believe they can conquer their difficulties and achieve better lives (Barber et al, 2000).
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When was the psychodynamic approach developed? By who? What was it?

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Psychodynamic approach by Freud in 20th century; patients illness caused by unconscious internal conflicts developed in childhood, defence mechanisms developed as adults to cope but stop person from seeing world as it truly is.

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What is client centred therapy and when was it developed?

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What is motivational enhancement therapy (citation) and when was it developed (citation)?

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Gesalt therapy developed (citation)? what is it?

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