Psychopathology Key Terms

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  • Created by: Psych951
  • Created on: 24-04-19 11:17
Phobia
Persistent and excessive fear of particular objects or situations, with anxiety disproportionate to the actual threat.
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Wolves' Theory of Reciprocal Inhibition
If response A inhibits B, then B can be used to inhibit A – Basis for systematic desensitisation, using relaxation as the inhibitor.
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Mower's 2-Factor Theory
Classical conditional produces phobia and operant maintains it by preventing extinction and self-reinforcing.
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Preparedness Theory (Seligman 1971)
Evolved readiness to acquire phobias for fear-relevant stimuli – More easily conditioned and resistant to extinction
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Innate Fear Theory (Poulton & Menzies 2002)
Fear of biologically-relevant stimuli naturally develops and is habituated through repeated exposures
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Attention Bias
Attention automatically and disproportionately captured by phobia-related stimuli, leading to enhanced threat perception
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Systematic Desensitisation
Graded exposure to stimuli, only moving on once relaxation has inhibited the anxiety response
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Exposure Therapy
Encounter stimuli to eventually experience most-feared situation and evidence that disconfirms phobia beliefs (may use cognitive restructuring)
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Panic disorder
Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, associated with physical symptoms and a fear of future attacks
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Panic Attack
Sudden onset of a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort
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Agoraphobia
Anxiety about situations from which escape feels difficult
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Hypersensitive Biological Alarm
Abnormalities in anxiety control system involving a lowered activation threshold that creates ‘false alarms’ for unthreatening stimuli
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Hyperventilation
A dysfunctional breathing pattern that may trigger automatic reactions that precipitate panic attacks
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Catastrophic Misinterpretation (Clark 1986)
Ambiguous physical sensations are perceived as indications of impending physical or mental crisis, which results in an escalation of anxiety sensations leading to a panic attack
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Interoception
Awareness of bodily sensations, which is enhanced in panic patients
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Safety Behaviours
Subtle strategies such as avoidance or escape associated with panic prevention
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Classical Conditioning of Panic
Internal physical sensations become conditioned stimulus associated with panic, due to fear of potential consequences
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Anxiety Sensitivity
Panic patients are more sensitive to any cues predicting a panic attack
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Cognitive Therapy for Panic
Examine evidence for beliefs and challenge misinterpretations
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Interoceptive Exposure for Panic
Experience conditions precipitating panic in controlled environment and apply cognitive and physical strategies to manage attack
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Experience of obsessions and compulsions that cause significant distress and impaired functioning
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Obsession
Uncontrollable and disturbing intrusive thoughts that creates awareness of potential danger
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Compulsion
Ritualised behaviour patterns that an individual feels compelled to perform to avoid negative consequences
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Compulsive grooming and mirror gazing due to perceived deficits in physical appearance
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Shutterbox Apparatus
Demonstrated that dogs conditioned to associate light with a shock shuttled back and forth over a barrier to avoid the shock and thus the association wasn’t extinguished
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Behavioural Theory of OCD (Rahman 1971)
Obsessions are neutral stimuli that are associated with anxiety and extinction is prevented through negative reinforcement from compulsions
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Cognitive Theory of OCD (Salkovskis 1999)
Feel responsible for unacceptable intrusions and so they are addressed through suppression and harm prevention
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Inflated Responsibility
Dysfunctional belief that obsessions are equally as bad as negative consequences and that these consequences are preventable
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Thought-Action Fusion
Belief that obsessions influence the world and so should be suppressed, which causes distress
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Mental Contamination
Feeling of dirtiness without physical contamination
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Memory Deficit in OCD
Doubting strength of memory for OCD relevant things
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Thought-Suppression
Defence mechanisms that actually increase obsessions once suppression ceases
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Mood-As-Input Hypothesis
Concurrent mood is used as information about task success and so compulsions are never completed because they occur in an anxiety state
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Exposure and Ritual Prevention in OCD
Graded exposure to intrusive thoughts that trigger distress, followed by prevention of compulsions, facilitating extinction
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

If response A inhibits B, then B can be used to inhibit A – Basis for systematic desensitisation, using relaxation as the inhibitor.

Back

Wolves' Theory of Reciprocal Inhibition

Card 3

Front

Classical conditional produces phobia and operant maintains it by preventing extinction and self-reinforcing.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Evolved readiness to acquire phobias for fear-relevant stimuli – More easily conditioned and resistant to extinction

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Fear of biologically-relevant stimuli naturally develops and is habituated through repeated exposures

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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