Psychopathology Key Studies

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Sue et al AO3 (Importance of Classical conditioning in Phobias)
People with phobias often recall a specific incident when it appeared
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Ost AO3(Importance of Classical conditioning in Phobias)
Events can trigger a phobia, but the trauma means the event is forgotten
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Menzies and Clarke AO3 (Importance of Classical conditioning in Phobias)
Only 2% of water phobic children claimed to have a direct conditioning experience with water
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Di Nardo AO3 (Diathesis-stress)
Found that 50% of healthy non-phobic individuals had experienced an anxious encounter with a dog
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Bandura and Rosenthal AO3 (Support for SLT)
A model acted as if they were in pain every time a buzzer sounded. Participants who had observed the model showed on emotional response to the buzzer
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Seligman AO3 (Biological preparedness)
Argued that animals/humans are genetically programmed to rapidly learn an assoication between potentially life threatening stimuli and fear
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Bregman (Biological preparedness)
Failed to condition a fear response in infants aged 8-16 months by pairing a loud bell with wooden blocks
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McGrath AO3 (Effectiveness of SD)
Reported that about 75%of patients with phobias respond to SD
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Choy AO3 (Effectiveness of SD)
In vivo is more successful than in vitro
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Gilroy AO3 (Effectiveness of SD)
Followed up 42 patients who had been treated for spider phobias in three 45 minutes sessions of SD. At both 3 months and 33 months after treatment, the SD group were less fearful than the control group (relaxation only)
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Ohman AO3 (Appropriateness)
Suggests that SD may not be as effective in treating phobias that have an underlying evolutionary survival component
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Choy AO3 (Effectiveness)
Reported that both SD and flooding were effective but flooding was more effective of the two at treating phobias
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Hammen and Krantz AO3 (Support for irrational thinking)
Foung that depressed participants made more errors in logic when asked to interpret written material material than non-depressed people
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Bates AO3 (Support for irrational thinking)
Found that depressed participants who were given negative automatic-thought statements became more and more depressed
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Cujipers AO3 (RWA)
CBT is the best treatment for depression especially when used in conjunction with drug treatments
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Alloy and Abrahmson AO3 (Realistic irrational beliefs)
Suggest that depressive realists tend to see things for what they are. They found that depressed people gave more accurate estimates of the likelihood of a disaster than 'normal' controls
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Ellis AO3 (Research support CBT)
Claimed a 90% success rate for REBT, taking an average of 27 sessions to complete the treatment
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Cujipers AO3 (Research support CBT)
Meta-analysis of 75 studies, CBT superior to no treatment
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Kuyken and Tsivrikos AO3 (Research support CBT)
15% of variance in CBT success may be attributable to therapist competence
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Elkin AO3 (Individual differences)
CBT may be less suitable for people who have high levels of irrational beliefs that are both rigid and resistant to change
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Babyak AO3 (Behavioural action)
Studied 156 adult volunteers diagnosed with major depressive disorder. 4 month course of either aerobic exercise, drug treatment or both. All improved. After 6 months, exercise group had lowest relapse rates
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Rosenzweig AO3 (Dodo bird effect)
Argued that all methods of treatment for mental disorder were pretty much equally effective
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Luborsky AO3 (Dodo bird effect)
Reviewed over 100 different studies that compared different treatment therapies and found that there were only small differences in effectiveness
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Ozaki AO1 (SERT gene)
Found a mutation of this gene in two unrelated families were 6 of the 7 family members had OCD
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Nestadt AO3 (Family and Twin studies)
80 OCD patients and 343 1st degree relatives. 73 control with 300 relatives. OCD - 5 times greater risk of having the illness if someone in your family has it
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Billet AO3 (Family and Twin studies)
Meta-analysis of 14 twin studies of OCD. Found that on average, identical twins were more than twice as likely to develop OCD if their co-twin had the disorder than was the case for non-identical twins
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Szechtman AO3 (Support for abnormal levels of neurotransmitters)
High doses of drugs that enhance dopamine induce movements resembling compulsive behaviour found in OCD patients
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Pigott AO3 (Support for abnormal levels of neurotransmitters)
Antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels can reduce symptoms
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Menzies AO3 (Support for genes and OFC)
Used MRI scans to produce images of OCD patients and their families' brains, and healthy control group. OCD patients and close relatives had reduced grey matter in key regions of the brain, including the OFC
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Albucher AO3 (Alternative explanations)
Reported that between 60-90% of adults with OCD have improved considerably using Exposure and Response Prevention
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Soomro AO3 (Effectiveness of biological OCD treatments)
Reviewed 17 studies of the use of SSRIs with OCD patients and found them to be more effective than placebos in reducing the symptoms of OCD up to three months after the treatment
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Koran AO3 (Effectiveness of biological OCD treatments)
Suggests that CBT should be tried first due to side effects of drug therapies.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Events can trigger a phobia, but the trauma means the event is forgotten

Back

Ost AO3(Importance of Classical conditioning in Phobias)

Card 3

Front

Only 2% of water phobic children claimed to have a direct conditioning experience with water

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Found that 50% of healthy non-phobic individuals had experienced an anxious encounter with a dog

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A model acted as if they were in pain every time a buzzer sounded. Participants who had observed the model showed on emotional response to the buzzer

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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