psychopathology ; biological explanation for ocd

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GENETIC EXPLANATIONS
DGF
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genes are involved in hat about OCD?
individual vulnerability
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lewis observed that of his OCD patients what % had parents with OCD?
36%
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and siblings?
21%
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what does this suggest about OCD?
runs in families
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although doesn't pass certaintiy onto the next gen but?
vulnerability
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according to the diathesis-stress model what happens?
genes leave some ppl more likely to suffer OCD but env stress is necc to trigger
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- candidate genes
dfgd
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what are these?
genes that create a vulnerability
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some of these are involved in regulating dev of what sys?
serotonin
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does the SERT gene cause higher or lower serotonin levels?
lower
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- polygenic
dfgd
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what does this mean?
several genes are involved
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taylor fd evidence of how many genes involved?
up to 230
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including those associated with the action of what two neurotransmitters?
dopamine / serotonin
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both of which believe to have a role in regulating?
mood
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- different types of OCD
fg
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what does it mean that OCD is aetiologically heterogeneous?
different grps of genes can cause the disorder in diff ppl
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theres also some evidence to suggest the different OCDtypes may be the result f?
particular genetic variations
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EVALUATION
DF
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:) supporting evidence
dgd
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one of the best sources of evidence for impotance of genes in hat kind of studies?
win
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nestadt et al reviewed prev twin studies and fd what % MZ twins shared OCD?
68%
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whereas DZ?
31%
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:( too many cdid8 genes
dgd
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what is one reason for the difficulty of pinning down genes?
several genes are involved
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consequence is that genetic exp is unlikely ot ever be useful why?
provides little predictive value
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:( environmental risk factors
dfg
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cromer et al fd over what % patients had traumatic event in past?
50%
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and was their OCD more or less severe?
more
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this suggests OCD isn't entirely?
genetic
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may be more productive to focus on environmental causes why?
we are more able to do something abut them
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NEURAL EXPLANATION
DFG
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genes assoc are likely to affect levels of key neurotrans as well as?
brain structures
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- role of serotonin
dfg
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what is serotonin believed to help regulate?
mood
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neurotrans are responsible for doing what in the body?
relaying info from one neuron to the next
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if a person has low serotonin levels then what doesn't take place?
normal transmission of mood relevant info
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- decision-making systems
dfg
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what type of OCD especially assoc w/ impaired decision making?
hoarding
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this may be assoc with abnormal functioning where in the brian?
lateral frontal lobes
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frontal lobes are responsible for which two things?
logical thinking / decision making
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also evidence to suggest where functions abnormally?
parahippocampal gyrus
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which is associated with doing what?
processing unpleasant emotions
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EVALUATION
DFD
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:) some supporting evidence
dg
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some antidepressants are effective in reducing symptoms and they work only on?
serotonin system
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increasing or decreasing levels?
increasing
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this suggests what is involved?
serotonin system
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:( not clear what neural mechanisms involved
dfg
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studies of what systems have shown these are also the systems functioning abnormally in OCD?
decision making
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research has also found what kind of brain sustems th?
sometimes but not always ocd involved
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we cannot terefore claim to?
really understand neural mechs in OCD
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:( shouldn't assume they cause ocd
dgd
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evidence to suggest what about some neurotransmitters and brain structures?
don't function normally / ocd
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but this isnt the same as saying?
they cause ocd
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these biological anomalies could actually eb?
result of ocd > cause
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EVAL EXTRA
DFH
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:( serotonin-OCD might be depression co-morbididy
df
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depression probably involves disruption to?
OCD system
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leaves with logical problem when suggesting serotonin system as?
basis for OCD
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could simply be that serotonin is disrupted why?
bc depressed
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:( twin studies flawed as genetic evidence
dfgdf
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yeah we can explain that
dg
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genes are involved in hat about OCD?

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individual vulnerability

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lewis observed that of his OCD patients what % had parents with OCD?

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and siblings?

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what does this suggest about OCD?

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