Psychopathology
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- Created by: oliviaburnsxxx
- Created on: 10-04-18 08:59
Cultural relativism
Behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is viewed in the context of the culture in which it originates.
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Deviation from social norms
Abnormal behaviour is seen as a deviation from implicit rules about how one should behave. Anything that violates these rules is considered abnormal.
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Statistical infrequency
Abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare so any behaviour that is statistically infrequent is regarded as abnormal.
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Deviation from ideal mental health
Abnormality is defined in terms of mental health, behaviours that are associated with competence and happiness. Ideal mental health would include a positive attitudes towards the self, resistance to stress and an accurate perception of reality.
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Failure to function adequately
People are judged on their ability to go about daily life. If they can't do this and are also experiencing distress then it is considered a sign of abnormality.
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Depression
A mood disorder where an individual feels sad and/or lacks interest in their usual activities. Further characteristics include irrational negative thoughts,raised or lowered activity levels, difficulties with concentration, sleep and eating.
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OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)
An anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from both obsessions (persistent thoughts) and compulsions (behaviours repeated over and over again). Compulsions are a response to obsessions and are believed to reduce anxiety.
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Phobias
A group of mental disorders characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to a particular stimulus or group of stimuli. The anxiety interferes with normal living.
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Behaviourist
People who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings.
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Classical Conditioning
Learning through association. A neutral stimulus (NS) is consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus (UCS) an eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS), producing a conditioned response (CR).
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Operant Conditioning
Learning through reinforcement or punishment. If a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence then that behaviour is more likely to occur again in the future.
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Two-process theory (model)
A theory that explains the two processes that lead to he development of phobias - they begin through classical conditioning and are maintained through operant conditioning.
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Flooding
A form of behavioural therapy used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders. A client is exposed to an extreme from of the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished.
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Systematic desensitisation
A form of behavioural therapy used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders. A client is gradually exposed to the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished.
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ABC model
A cognitive approach to understanding mental disorder, focusing on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotions.
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Beck's negative triad
A cognitive approach to understanding depression, focusing on how negative expectations about the self, world and future lead to depression.
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Schema
A cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain. A schema helps an individual to make sense of new information.
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Cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT)
A combination of cognitive therapy (a way of changing maladaptive thoughts and beliefs) and behavioural therapy (a way of changing behaviour in response to these thoughts and beliefs).
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Concordance rate
A measure of genetic similarity. For example, if in 100 sets of twins, one has a phobic disorder and 40 co-twins also have it, the concordance rate is 40%.
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Gene
A part of the chromosome of an organism that carries information in the form of DNA.
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Neurotransmitter
Chemical substances that play an important part in t workings of the nervous system by transmitting nerve impulses across a synapse.
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GABA (gamma-amniobutyric acid)
A neurotransmitter that regulates excitement in the nervous system, thus acting as a natural form of anxiety reducer.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Abnormal behaviour is seen as a deviation from implicit rules about how one should behave. Anything that violates these rules is considered abnormal.
Back
Deviation from social norms
Card 3
Front
Abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare so any behaviour that is statistically infrequent is regarded as abnormal.
Back
Card 4
Front
Abnormality is defined in terms of mental health, behaviours that are associated with competence and happiness. Ideal mental health would include a positive attitudes towards the self, resistance to stress and an accurate perception of reality.
Back
Card 5
Front
People are judged on their ability to go about daily life. If they can't do this and are also experiencing distress then it is considered a sign of abnormality.
Back
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