Psychopathology

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Deviation from social norms
Abnormal behaviour is seen as a deviation from unstated rules about how one ought to behave. Anything that violates these rules is considered abnormal
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DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - A list of mental disorders that is used to diagnose mental disorders. For each disorder a list of clinical characteristics is given
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Statistical infrequency
Abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare
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Deviation from ideal mental health
Abnormality is defined in terms of mental health, behaviours that are associated with competence and happiness. Ideal mental health would include a positive attitude towards self, resistance to stress and an accurate perception of reality.
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Failure to function adequately
People are judged on their ability to go about daily life. If they can't do this and are also experiencing distress then it is considered a sign of abnormality.
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Depression
A mood disorder where an individual feels sad/or lacks interest in their usual activities. Further characteristics include irrational negative thoughts, raised or lowered activity levels and difficulties with concentration, sleep, and eating
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from both obsessions (persistent thoughts) and compulsions (behaviours that are repeated over and over again). Compulsions are a response to obsessions.
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Phobias
A group of mental disorders characterised by high levels of anxiety in response to a particular stimulus or group of stimuli. The anxiety interferes with normal living.
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Two process model
A theory that explains the two processes that lead to the development of phobias - they begin through classical conditioning and are maintained through operant conditioning
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Flooding
A form of behavioural therapy used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders. A client is exposed to an extreme form of the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished.
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Systematic desensitisation
A form of behavioural therapy used to treat phobias. A client is gradually exposed to the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished
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ABC model
A cognitive approach to understanding mental disorder, focusing on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotions.
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Negative triad
A cognitive approach to understanding depression, focusing on how negative expectations (schema) about the self, world and future lead to depression
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Schema
A cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain. A schema helps an individual make sense of new information.
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
A combination of cognitive therapy (a way of changing maladaptive thoughts and beliefs) and behavioural therapy (a way of changing behaviour in response to these thoughts and beliefs)
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Irrational thoughts
Rational thinking is flexible and realistic, where beliefs are based on fact and logic. Irrational thinking is rigid and unrealistic and lacks internal consistency.
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Concordance rate
A measure of genetic similarity.
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Dopamine
One of the key neurotransmitters in the brain, with effects on motivation
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Gene
A part of the chromosome of an organism that carries information in the form of DNA
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Neurotransmitter
Chemical substances that plays an important part in the workings of the nervous system by transmitting nerve impulses across a synapse
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GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
A neurotransmitter that regulates excitement in the nervous system, thus acting as a natural form of anxiety reducer.
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Noradrenaline
A neurotransmitter found mainly in the areas of the brain that are involved in governing autonomic nervous system activity, e.g blood pressure or heart rate.
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Serotonin
A neurotransmitter implicated in many different behaviours and physiological processes, including aggression, eating behaviour, sleep, and depression
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Card 2

Front

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - A list of mental disorders that is used to diagnose mental disorders. For each disorder a list of clinical characteristics is given

Back

DSM

Card 3

Front

Abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Abnormality is defined in terms of mental health, behaviours that are associated with competence and happiness. Ideal mental health would include a positive attitude towards self, resistance to stress and an accurate perception of reality.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

People are judged on their ability to go about daily life. If they can't do this and are also experiencing distress then it is considered a sign of abnormality.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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