when an individual has less common characteristics. therefore it only occur a small number of times within a population e.g. an IQ of over 130 or under 70
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what is deviation from social norms
concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a society. e.g antisocial personality disorder
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evaluation of statistical infrequency
lim-- unusual characteristics can be a positive //pos-- used as part of clinical assessment to see what behaviours are normal or abnormal
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evaluation of deviation from social norms
lim-- culutral relativism (differs between cultures) // pos-- diagnosis of anti-social personality disorder
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what is failure to function adequately
when someone is unable to cope with the ordinary demand of everyday life e.g. severe personal distress , irrational or dangerous behaviour , can hold down a job , poor nutrition or hygein
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what is deviation from ideal mental health
occurs when someone does not meet the set criteria for good mental health- set by jahoda e.g. no symptoms of distress, self actualise, independent of others, good self esteem
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evaluation of failure to function adequately
subjective judgment on what is adequate // used in diagnosis of intellectual disability disorder
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evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health
no one can meet all criteria all the time so would be deemed abnormal // cultural relativism - some criteria are more individualistic
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behavioural characteristics of phobias
panic- stress in presence of phobic stimulus // avoidance- try to not come n contact with the phobic stimulus / endurance - sufferers are in the presence of the phobic stimulus but experience high levels of axiety
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emotional characteristics of a phobia
anxiety- high arousal due to the phobic stimulus / unreasonable emotional response is disproportionate to the threat / e.g arachnophobia
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cognitive characteristics of a phobia
selective attention to the phobic stimulus- all their focus is in the phobic stimulus / irrational belief - beliefs are very unlikely to occur / cognitive distortion - the phobics perception of the phobic stimulus may not be correct
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behavioural characteristics of depression
activity levels - reduced energy levels / disruption to sleep and eating behaiour- an increase or decrease in sleep and eating / aggression or self harm- irritable makes them more aggressive to others and themselves
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emotional characteristics of depression
lowered mood - feeling empty or worthless / anger - directed at self and others / lowered self-esteem - can be extreme in hating themselves
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cognitive characteristics of depression
poor concentration -unable to focus on tasks and poor decision making / dwelling on the negative - pay attention to the negative aspects of a situation / absolute thinking - see things in black and white as either all good or all bad most often bad
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behaviour characteristics of OCD
compulsions - repetitive behaviour that reduces anxiety / avoidance - keep away from situations that trigger the anxiety e.g. avoiding germs
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emotional characteristics of OCD
Anxiety and distress- high anxiety due to obsessive thoughts / accompanying depression - compulsions bring temporary relief so sufferes can suffer low mood and lack of enjoyment due to high anxiety / guilt & disgust - irrational guilt and hate of sel
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cognitive characteristics of OCD
obsessive thoughts- unpleasant constant worry / cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions- distraction from everyday life including obsessions / insight into excessive anxiety - aware that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational
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what is OCD
a condition characterised by obsessive thoughts that cause anxiety which is reduced by compulsions that disrupts everyday life
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what is depression
a disorder characterised by low mood and energy levels
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what is a phobia
an irrational fear of an object or a situation
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what is systematic desensitisation
a behavioural therapy designed to reduce an unwanted response, such as anxiety to a stimulus. it involves drawing up a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations related to the phobic stimulus, teaching the patient to relax then exposing them to it
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what is flooding
a behavioural therapy in which a phobic patient is exposed to an extreme form of a phobic stimulus in order to reduce anxiety triggered by that stimulus. it takes a small number of long session
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evaluation of systematic desensitisation
patients prefer it to flooding as it does not cause the same degree of trauma so fewer patients drop out // it is more effective than just relaxation techniques
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evaluation of flooding
cost effective (cheaper) because less sessions are needed // less effective for some types of phobias (social phobias) hard to expose and have a cognitive aspect // traumatic for patients
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what is deviation from social norms
Back
concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a society. e.g antisocial personality disorder
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