psychopathology

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what are the 4 definitions of abnormality
- statistical deviation/ infrequency
-deviation from social norm
-failure to function adequately
-deviation from ideal mental health
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what does the statistical infrequency definition argue
- behaviours that are statistically rare are abnormal (less than 5% of pop)
- based on statistically how many people are like this
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strengths of statistical infrequency
- appropriate for many mental illnesses where you can have statistical criteria
- all assessment will have how common/ severe the symptoms are
- objective value-free assessment
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limitation of statistical infrequency definition
-some infrequent behaviours are desirable (high intelligence)
-some things are common but are abnormal-depression
-cut off point is subjective
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deviation from social norms
each society has a set of acceptable behaviour, and not following these is abnormal
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strength of deviation from social norms
allows the consideration of the social dimensions of a behaviour, understands the situation changes whether behaviour is acceptable
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limitation of deviation form social norms
some people who regularly break social norms are considered eccentric not mentally ill. norms change over time so what is abnormal changes
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failure to function adequately definition
people are abnormal when they cannot cope with everyday life. if a person is doing this they are experiencing distress
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strength of failure to function adequately
takes into consideration the experiences of the patient, pretty easy to objectively judge through a assessment of criteria. more symptoms they are the more abnormal they are and easier it is to get help
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limitation of failure to function adequately
abnormality isn't always accompanied by dysfunction. problem with deciding what is dysfunctional
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according to Jahoda what are the 6 characteristics to be normal
- positive attitude towards yourself
-self-actualisation
-resistance to stress
-autonomy
-accurate perception of reality
- mastery of the environment
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strength of deviation from ideal mental health
takes a positive approach to mental health problems
focus on what is desirable rather than undesirable
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limitation of deviation from ideal mental health
over demanding criteria few people would fit all of these all the time, and is difficult to measure
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definition of a phobia
persistent and unreasonable fear or a particular object, activity or situation, out of proportion to the object
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diagnostic features of phobia
-intense, persistent irrational fear
-response is disproportionate
-fear interferes with everyday life
-fear is accompanied by panic attacks
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the DSM-5 3 categories of phobias
- specific phobias: animals, events, situations
-social phobias: social situations, public speaking
agoraphobia: public crowded places or leaving safe home
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behavioural characteristic of a phobia
how a person acts around the feared object or situation which is likely to be varying states of panic leading to avoidance
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emotional characteristics of a phobia
how a person feels when experiencing anxiety, making it difficult to relax or experience postitive emotions
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cognitive characteristics of a phobia
how a person thinks about phobic stimuli, in particular the irrational processing of information and resistance to rational arguments
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most common behaviour explanttions for the acquisition of phobias
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
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explain little albert in proper terms
neutral stimulus- no fear of rats before conditioning, a loud bang, causes anxiety before conditioning, rat and loud bang fear-during conditioning, rat-fear, evidence of conditioning
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what is operant conditioning what how does it relate to the maintenance of phobia
operant conditioning- changing a behaviour because of reward oor for avoidance, when the fear is establish the individual avoids object or situation that brings fear, reduces anxiety and strengthens fear
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how does the two process models show how phobias are maintained
individual avoids situation which is unplaces, resulting in a pleasant consequence meaning behaviour is more likely to be repeated, when we avoid phobic stimulus we escape a situation which would of been stressful
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strengths of the two-process model behaviourists explanation of phobias
-comes from research evidence,
-useful application to therapy. has been used to develop effective treatments
-can account for unusual phobias
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behavioural methods used in treatment of phobias
-systematic desensitisation
-flooding
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what does behavioural treatment of phobias aim to do
-reduce phobic anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning
preduce phobic anxiety through principle of operant conditioning
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what is reciprocal inhibition
the process of inhibiting anxiety by substituting a competing response.
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processes involved in systematic desensitisation
- anxiety hierarchy created from least scary to most
-patients trained in relaxation techniques
-patients exposed to phobic stimulus while relaxing and then moves up hierarchy
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criticism of systematic desensitisation
- most effective with specific phobia-not social phobias
-simple and often most suitable treatment
-more relaxing than flooding
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what is flooding
-individual is out with phobia with no relaxation technique, repeated, and over time they will have to calm down
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how does flooding work
phobic responses stop quickly, and because they cant avoid the patient quickly learns phobia is harmless, learned response is removed and phobia is no longer a frear
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strength of flooding
- much faster and cheaper treatment
- effective for treating complex phobias
-
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criticism of flooding
high levels of fear and many patients refuse or dont finish treatment
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what is depression characterised by
low mood and low energy levels
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how can depression affect an individual
thoughts, feelings, behaviour and physical well-being of an individual
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behavioural characteristics of depression
change in activity level, reduction in energy, tired,changing sleep pattern, change in appetite, weight changes,
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emotional characteristics of depression
depressed mood, feeling worthless, lack of interest, anger at themseleves or other can result in self-harming behaviours
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cognitive characteristics of depression
diminished ability to concentrate, focus on negative, difficult to pay attention often slowing in repsonding and making decisions, experience thoughts of self-harm, death and suicide
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Beck suggested cognitive explanation to why some are more vulnerable to depression than others, what are the 3 parts of his idea
- faulty information processing
- negative self-schemas
-the negative triad
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what is meant by faulty information processing
people who are depression make errors in logic, they focus on the negative aspects of a situation ignore positive aspects, blow small problems out of proportion think in black and white
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what is meant by negative self schemas
self schema the ideas that we have about ourselves, and people who are depressed have a negative self schema and interpret all the information about themselves in a negative way
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what is meant by the negative triad
negative view of self, the world and the future. people with depression become trapped in a cycle of negative thoughts
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Ellis proposed that good mental health is a result of rational thinking, Ellis argued that there are common irrational beliefs that underlie a lot of depression, and sufferers have based their lives on these beliefs
a-action affected by
b-individuals belief which results in
c-consequence
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supporting points of Beck's theory
has supporting evidence, has practical aplication in CBT,
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supporting points of becks theory
supporting evidence, practical application of CBT, n
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negative points of Ellis's theory
only explains some of forms of depression
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how does CBT work
therapist aims to make the client aware of the relationship between thought, emotion and action, challenges negative thoughts, behavioural techniques and activation, these changes can help them feel better
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how does CBT break the vicous circle of maladpive, thinking, feeling and behaviour
focuses on here and noe, not distress of past and improve mind noe, when parts of the sequence are clearly outlined and understood they can be changed and over time they can work out their own problems
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Ellis ABC model was adapted to ABCDE, what does d and e stand for
d-dispute
e-effect
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what are the strengths of CBT
client actively involved in their recovers, not physically invasive, client learns to help themselves and can use the skills in new situations, particularly effective combined with drug treatment, most effective treatment for moderate depression
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limitations of CBT
clients can become dependant on their therapist, not effective for people resistant to change, not a quick fix, may not work in most severe cases, over-emphasis on cognition
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implication for the economy of CBT
people with a disorder are less liekly to suffer relapse have CBT although it might be more expensive than drug therapy, people will need less time off work
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difference between obsession and a compulsion
obsession- persistent thought or impulse that repeats and can cause anxiety
compulsive- repetitive behaviour that a person feels driven to preform to reduce or prevent anxiety
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DSM describes the main symptom of obsessive compulsive disorder as what
-recurrent obsessions and compulsions
-recognition by the individual that the obsession and comilses are excessive
-person is distressed or impaired by obsessions and compulsions
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what behavioural symptoms do OCD sufferers have
- compulsions are repetitiveness in nature and sufferers will often feel compelled to repeat a behaviour
-compulsion are used to manage or reduce anxiety
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what emotional symptoms do sufferers of OCD have
obsessions are persistent thoughts and ideas, which cause high levels of anxiety in OCD sufferers. OCD can often lead to depression as the anxiety experienced can often result in a low mood and loss of pleasure
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what cognitive symptoms do sufferers of OCD have
obsessive thoughts, fear of contamination, safety are common. some adopt cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions, sufferers know there obsessions and compulsions are irrational
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what has been proposed about a genetic component to OCD
predisposes some individuals to the illness. genetic explanation suggests what whether a person develops OCD is partly due to genetics explaining why patients often have other family members with OCD
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OCD is thought to be polygenic what does this mean
development isn't determined by a single gene but multiple (230) little predictive power from this explanation
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evaluation points of genetics in the genetic explanation for OCD
-evidecne to supporting genetic component-twin
-family studies could also explain enviromental factors
-people have observed and immidated OCD
-difficult to seperature nature v nuture
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evaluation points of genetics in explaination for OCD
2
-too many genes in development of OCD
-may agin vunrablity from gene then triggered through enviromental
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neural explanations for OCD
- abnormal levels of certain neurotransmitters
- certain brain circuits may be abnormal
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what have neuroimaging techniques enabled researchers to study
the brain in detail to identify normal brain patterns- allows for comparison with abnormal brain patterns
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in OCD the OFC and the thalamus are different. how?
overactive thalamus-increased motivation to clean and safety
overactive OFC-increased anxiety and increased planning.
overactive thalamus causes a over active OFC
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evaluation points of the role of neurotransmitters in neural explanation for OCD
- allows medication to be developed which helps sufferers
- drugs aren't completely effective
-because SSRI treat OCD doesn't mean that they cause it
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what does drug therapy assume that there is in the brain and how can it be corrected
a chemical imbalance this can be corrected by drugs, which either increase or decrease the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain
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what does SSRI stand for
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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how do SSRIs work
increasing certain neurotransmitter in the brain by preventing the re-absorption of serotonin,
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evaluation points of drug treatment of OCD
-effective for OCD
-cost effective& non disruptive
-can have side effects
unreliable evidence
- some cases of OCD follow trauma
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

- behaviours that are statistically rare are abnormal (less than 5% of pop)
- based on statistically how many people are like this

Back

what does the statistical infrequency definition argue

Card 3

Front

- appropriate for many mental illnesses where you can have statistical criteria
- all assessment will have how common/ severe the symptoms are
- objective value-free assessment

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

-some infrequent behaviours are desirable (high intelligence)
-some things are common but are abnormal-depression
-cut off point is subjective

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

each society has a set of acceptable behaviour, and not following these is abnormal

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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