Psychoneuroimmunology

what is inflammation?

bodys response to insults (physical, metabolic etc) - messengers that recruit other activity in body - main duty is to attack/heal

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what is attack?

first responders and includes cytokines

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what are pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines?

held in balance by immune system to avoid excessive tissue damage and spill over to normal tissue

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what is cortisol?

bodys most potent anti-inflammatory hormone

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what is chronic inflammation?

when attack and heal occur simultaneously leading to tissue damage - which underpins most diseases related to info - e.g. diabetes

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what happens when we experience chronic stress?

leads to information and associated reduced immunity

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what doe the HPA axis do in chronic stress?

chronic stress leads to dysregulated production of cortisol (too much) - damaging receptors that normally turn off cortisol (glucocorticoid resistance - system turning off stress if broken) - have nothing to shut off pro-inflammatory cytokines

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what does cortisol also suppress?

lymphocytes - overkill of the helpful germ killing organisms so increases risk of infection to diseases

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what did cohen et al find in their flu study?

ppl who had high stress scores before received cold more likely to develop cold as less likely to fight virus

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what else does inflammatory process interact with?

stress is mediated by cognition, emotional processes, diet, sleep etc

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what is paediatric psychoneuroimmunology?

robust relationship of early exposure to stress and later health problems and causes inflammation/reduced immunity - childhood stress exposure predicts autoimmune disorders

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what did miller and chen (2010) find?

showed increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and progressive desensitization of the glucocorticoid receptor

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what did caserta et al 2008 find?

Parental psychiatric symptoms predicted increased levels of febrile illness and enhanced natural killer cell functioning

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what are pro-elevated cytokines related to?

anxiety, depression etc - dysfunctional way the body attacks itself increases risk of schizophrenia - if hospitalised for infection more likely to develop schiz

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what association is there of neurodevelopmental disorders and.....?

between immune dysfunction and neurodevelopmental disorders - specifically autism

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mothers higher levels of cytokines during pregnancy were at higher risk of what?

giving birth to children with schiz

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effect of neuroimmunology on OCD and Tourettes?

greater outcome than would be expected by chance for children developing these during exposure to infection

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what did miller and coles study on depression and exposure to stress find?

higher CRP and IL-6 linked to transition to depression - childhood adversity sets up formation of neuroimmune pipeline where signalling is amplified

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why is reactivity to stress important in interventions?

individual differences - emotion regulation (not being able to manage emotions correlated with mental health disorders) and role of cognitions regarding our social situations and how stressful they are to us

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what did Raio et al (2013) find in emotion regulation study?

acute stress impairs ability to cognitively regulate fear responses - when in state of stress our ability to regulate emotions is impaired

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how can we intervene?

do this without having to rely on cog control because children dont have this most of the time - solution = mindfulness

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what is mindfulness?

when stressed, believe every thought we have - everything is hopeless etc - CBT works with these thoughts to change them - shift attention onto things experiencing without being judgemental and reminded stressful experiences are transient/mean nothin

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how does mindfulness help anxiety?

it is essentially attention training - mindfulness shifts attention form mind lived in head to the real world

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does mindfulness work?

good at helping people with depression and anxiety - good effects for stress management/mental health - young children on brink of clinical condition benefit from mindfulness the most

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is mindfulness a form of emotion regulation/does it improve mental health?

it is distinct from ER strategies - associated with lower cross-sectional levels of depression, anxiety, rumination, & dysfunctional attidues and improves QofLife - greater dispositional mindfulness predicted greater recovery from symptoms

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Psychoneuroimmunology

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