psychology unit 2

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what is stress
the response which occurs when we think we cant cope with the pressure of the environment
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Hans selye - 3 stage response
the alarm stage- when we percieve stressor reaction is to increase arousal levels. resistance stage- stressor remains bodys adapt to sitch. exhaustion stage- long term stressor body unable to cope
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krants et al - stress and the heart
lab experiment 39 pp did 1 or 3 stress inducing task and blood pressure was measured. pp with greatest myocardial scemia had highest blood pressure
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brady et al- stress and ulcers
monkeys were put in to pairs and given electric shocks every 20 seconds for 6 hour sessions. one monkey had to push leaver to prevent shock to other. helper monkey more likely to develop ulcers from stress of preventing it to other
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kiecolt glaser et al- stress and wound healing
indepedant measures design, 13 women given punch biopsy to create wound with relatives with alzeihmers and a control group. wound healing took 9 days longer for carers
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holmes and rahe- life changes and illness
5000 hostpital patients records and noted major life events previous to becoming ill. paitients were likely to have eperienced life changes prior to becoming ill
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rahe et el - stress and ill
2500 navy american men given SRRS to complete and note life events for 6 months. the higher the LCU score the higgher insidences of illness for next 7 months
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kanner et al- stress and daily hassles
100 adults completed questionnaire each month asked them choose daily hassles experienced each month and rate it for 9 months. some occured more frequently and were likely to have physical and psycholoical problems
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mamot et al- stress at the workplace
7000 civil service employess in london surveyed about there level of authorty, how much control they had and support. medical histories followed 5 years later and found thouse at a lower level more likely to had cardiovasucalr disorders.
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what are the differenttype of personalities
typa a- competitive and ambitious typce b- non competitive and relaxed type x- mix of the both
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freidman and rosenman- type a and illness
3000 american males 39-59 were assesed to class their personalities using interviews and observations at the start and non had CHD. 8 years later 257 had CHD and 70% of them were type A personality
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Kobasa - hardy people
kobasa described people as hardy poeple or non hardy. Hardy were shows 3 c's- control commitment and challenge. Non hardy feel uncapable to cope with change
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taylor et al- biological explanation to gender and stress
suggests women produce a calmer resposnse to stress due to a hormone oxytocin. we are said to tend and befreind.
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drug treatments to stress- biological approach
anti anxiety drugs called BZ's increases the bodys anxiety relieving chemical GABA which slows down central nervous system. Beta-blockers reduce activity of sympathetic nervous system which reduce heart rate, blood pressure and hormone cortisol.
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biofeedback - biological approach to stress
person is attached to machine which tells them blood pressure, heart rate muscle movements etc. told how to deal such as breathing excersizes relaxtion acts as reward used in real life situations.
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meichenbaums stress inoculation training (SIT) - pyschological approach
deal with stress before it occurs.1)conceptulisation- identify fears&concerns 2)skill acquisition&reharsal- train for positive thinking and self confidence 3)application- practice in real life sitches
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maddie- increased programme to increase harideness- pschycological approach
1) focusing- recognising the symptoms 2)relieving stressfull encounters- analyse to cope better 3)self improvement- take challenges to build confidence
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cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) - psychological approach
changing the way information is cognitively processes will change bahviour.
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ELLIS suggested ABC model. rational emotive therapy (RET)- psychological approach
(A) activating the event which leads to (B) belief about why it happeened which leads to (C) consequence eg depression. RET changes irrational beliefs to rational for a positive consequence.
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what are the 2 types of conformity
compliance- going along with something you disagree with to be accepted as normal. Internalisation- accepting the majoritys view as your own
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what is normative and informational social influence
normative is where you go with what is seen as normal as going against may seek rejection. Informational is where you are unfamiliar so you behave how others do.
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asch- confomity
lab experiment independant groups design. in groups of 8 pp judged lines to be the same as the standard 1. each group had only 1 real pp who always went last or last but 1. 12/18 confederates gave the wrong answer. 75% conformed even wrong to be acpt
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sherif- comformity of information influences
lab experiment told pp a light would move and they were asked to guess how far. firstly on their own then in groups of 3. on own pp used own opinions but in groups of 3 estimates converged.
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zimbardo- comformity and assigned roles- stanford prison experiment
male students recruited to act as guard or prisoner and behaviour was observed. gaurds tried to assert authority as that figure and prisoners resisted and stuck together
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eagly - gender and comformity
said women look for more relationships so conform more whereas men are independant so resist
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rotter- external and internal locus of control
internal LOC believe what happens if because of your own actions, stronger sense of control whereas external LOC belif that it was from external factors or others more liekly to conform.
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moscovici- minority influence
lab experiment 192 women in groups of 6 and judged the colour of 36 slides. 2/6 in each group were confederates some said green consitently some non consistently. in consistent group 8.4% of time said green but in non consistent only 1.25%.
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milgram- obediance
lab eperiment on 40 men and cofederates. pp would always be teacher and confederate learner. asked to shock learner when got a question wrong and when confederate made noise experimenter told them to continue. 64% did 450 V and all went over 300V.
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milgrams agency theory
poeple behave how they do on behalf of external authority they will do as they are told.
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why poeple obey
in the agentic state- if someone else takes authority they will carry on. Gradual commitment. Justified authorities eg doctors re given the right to tell us what to do so we obey.
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jahoda- conditions for good mental health
positive self attitude, self actualisation, resistance to stress, personal autonomy, adaption ro environment, perception of reality
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rosenhan- classification can be innaccurate
8 'normal' poeple adimitted to psychiatric hostpital as they heard voices and 7 diagnosed with schtzophrenia, poeple who were ill could tell they wernt.
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gottesman- meta nalysis on twins
found that if you had an identical twin with scitz then you were 47% you would develop it whereas in non identical only 17%.
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biological approach to stress- electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
patients given 225V shock to the brain with releives depression
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freuds theory- psychodynamic model
at birth personaility is driven by the ID things which you want to seek satifaction, then you develop superego which is a sense of right and wrong and then ego which give ID what it wants with out affecting superego
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psychoanalysis used to treat frueds theory
hypnosis- deep ralaxtion so they can acsess repressed thoughts, free association where given a word and told to recall memorys about that, dream analysis- repressed thought likely to appear in dreams.
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watson and raynor little albert- behavioural model
little albery was shown white fluffy objects, they when he saw them again they were presented with a loud noise, this caused little albert to have a fear of fluffy objects. classical conditioning
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classical conditiong therapies- behavioural model
aversion therapies- associating things with unpleasnt things.
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wolpe- systematic de-sensitisation
39 pepople reported having 62 diff phobias. carried out 3 stages writing a heirachy of worst fears, beingin sitch with least and relaxing and then learning to cope.
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Card 2

Front

Hans selye - 3 stage response

Back

the alarm stage- when we percieve stressor reaction is to increase arousal levels. resistance stage- stressor remains bodys adapt to sitch. exhaustion stage- long term stressor body unable to cope

Card 3

Front

krants et al - stress and the heart

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

brady et al- stress and ulcers

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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kiecolt glaser et al- stress and wound healing

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Preview of the front of card 5
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