Psychology - Ramirez et al (2001): culture and aggression

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What students were involved in Ramirez et al's study?
The study involved 400 psychology students, who volunteered to take part. Half of the students were at university in Japan and the other half in Spain.
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What were the different types of aggression measured in the questionnaire in Ramirez et al's study?
-verbal aggression -physical aggression -anger -hostility
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What style of questions were in the questionnaire and what areas did they cover and examples of these areas in Ramirez et al's study
The questionnaires included Likert-style questions, where the participants respond by saying to what extent they agree with each statement. The questions covered different areas, e.g. Anger: "Some of my friends think I am a hothead"
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What was the 5-point scale the participants had to answer each question with in Ramirez et al's study?
1=extremely uncharacteristic of me. 2=somewhat uncharacteristic of me. 3=neither uncharacteristic nor characteristic of me. 4=somewhat characteristic of me. 5=extremely characteristic of me.
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What did Ramirez et al find out about Japanese and Spanish students?
Japanese students showed more physical aggression than Spanish students. Spanish students showed more verbal aggression and anger than Japanese students.
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What did Ramirez et al find out about male and females in the two cultures?
Males showed more physical and verbal aggression and hostility than females in both cultures. Males and females in both cultures showed the same level of anger
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What is the conclusion of Ramirez et al's study with different cultures?
The cultural stereotypes of the Japanese culture being shy & not showing emotion, this study found that Japanese males & females were more physically aggressive than Spanish students. Spanish students are more verbally aggressive fits the stereotype.
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What is the conclusion of Ramirez et al's study with males and females?
The study supports previous theories that males are more aggressive than females. This may be because of the way men are raised, as masculine, or because of the hormonal differences between the sexes.
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Strengths of Ramirez et al's study
1) The questions produce quantitative data so cannot be interpreted differently by researchers. 2) All the students were volunteers and fully aware that the results would be published. This means that it is an ethical study.
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Weaknesses of Ramirez et al's study
1) All the participants were psychology students and may have tried to guess the aim of the study (response bias) or answer questions in a socially desirable way. 2) May have answered the questions how they think they will act, but wouldn't actually.
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Card 2

Front

What were the different types of aggression measured in the questionnaire in Ramirez et al's study?

Back

-verbal aggression -physical aggression -anger -hostility

Card 3

Front

What style of questions were in the questionnaire and what areas did they cover and examples of these areas in Ramirez et al's study

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the 5-point scale the participants had to answer each question with in Ramirez et al's study?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What did Ramirez et al find out about Japanese and Spanish students?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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