Psychology Key words

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  • Created by: Gemma
  • Created on: 03-04-13 12:53
Case Study
a research method which uses other research methods to study one unique individual or small group to give indepth, detailed and rich information.
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Cause and effect relationship
a link made between the IV and the DV.
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Closed question
questions that limit the response that can be made, yielding quantitative data.
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Open question
A question that can be answered in any way the participant chooses producing qualitative data.
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Quantitative data
data that can reduce to numbers and quantities.
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Qualitative data
Data consisting of words that describe the participants views.
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Cognition
Mental processes, such as thinking, language, memory, preception and problem solving.
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Confounding variable
a variable that affects the findings of a study directly, so much so that you are no longer measuring what was intended.
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Counterbalancing
when participants systematically experience the experimental conditions in a different order, e.g. participant 1 experiences condition A then B, whilst participant 2 experiences condition B then A.
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Control group
a group of participants that does not experience the experimental situation but acts as a baseline against which to judge any chance.
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Correlation design
where one participant provides data for two measures which are then tested to see if they show a relationship. Two variables but not IV and DV.
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Covert
Those taking part in an obvservation are not aware that they are being observed.
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Overt
Those taking part in an observation are aware that they are being observed, though they may not know why in great detail.
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Cross-cultural reference
the testing of the same hypothesis in different cultures to see if the effect found is culture-specific
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Cross-sectional studies
where two or more conditions from the same time are studied, to make comparisons.
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Debrief
the process of advising the participant what the true aims and nature of the study were and gaining their insights about the research process.
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Deception
deliberately misleading or not informing the participant in research about the nature and aims of the research or some aspect of it.
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Dependent variable
the measured variable
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Independent variable
the manipulated variable of an investigation
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Directional/one-tailed hypothesis
a prediction of the study findings that indicates the direction of the results.
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Non-direction/two tailed hypothesis
a prediction of the study findings that does not indicate the exact direction of the results
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Operationalise
defining the elements of the research in order to make it testable.
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Opportunity sampling
a sampling method using the people who happen to be available at the time and place where the study is conducted.
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Ordinal data
a level of measurement, the middle level, where numbers are rankings rather than scores in themselves, e.g. a scale of 1 to 5.
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Participants
people who take part in research studies and allow their responses to be measured.
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Placebo
a substance given that is said to be the active material but is simply an inactive agent
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Population validity
the extent to which a sample represents the target population- high validity means that it is a true reflection
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Positive correlation
a relationship between two variables where, as one score rises, the other rises too.
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Probability
how likely it is that something will happen or is true.
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Questionnaire
a survey method consisting of a series of questions for participants to answer, usually written, often by post.
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Random allocation
participants randomly placed into a learning condition, usually achieved by computer generation or picking a name from a hat.
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Random assignment
where every participant has an equal chance of being in any of the treatment conditions.It aviods bias by having too many of one type of participant in one condition.
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Reliability
the consistency of a method as it is applied to the participants, measurable by the ability to replicate the study and also by the consistency of the results found.
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Reliable data
data found again when a study is done again.
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Replication
the ability to recreate accurately the procedure of a study on different samples of the same population in order to establish the reliability of the results.
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Right to withdraw
participant's right to leave a research study at any stage and to take their data with them.
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Sample
a selection from the target population chosen to represent it by participating in research.
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Sampling technique
a method for selecting a sample of participants from the target population in order to take part in research.
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Scientific method
any method used by psychologists that involves objective, systematic procedures.
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Self-report data
data complied by a participant, usually through written questionnaires.
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Semi-structured interviews
a one-to-one conversation with a set purpose where the questions are broadly set out but
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a link made between the IV and the DV.

Back

Cause and effect relationship

Card 3

Front

questions that limit the response that can be made, yielding quantitative data.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A question that can be answered in any way the participant chooses producing qualitative data.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

data that can reduce to numbers and quantities.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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