Psychology Approaches

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  • Created by: lalala
  • Created on: 06-01-13 13:59
The Biological Approach Assumptions
1. Behaviour can be explained in terms of different brain areas. 2. Behaviour can be explained in terms of neurotransmitters.
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The Biological Approach Theory
Seyle's GAS model. Stage 1= alarm, stage 2= resistance, stage 3= exhaustion. Seyle backed up his theory with experiments with rats in 1936 who showed the same three stages regardless of stressor placed on them.
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The Biological Approach Therapy
Chemotherapy= the use of psychoactive drugs. Antipsychotics (block dopamine receptors), antidepressants (block serotonin reuptake), antianxiety (increase GABA- BZ's)
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The Biological Approach Strength 1
1. Scientific- has clear variables (areas of brain, hormones, neurotransmitters) which can be manipulated to produce causal relationships- help us make predictions about the world.
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The Biological Approach Strength 2
2. Successful Applications- 60% bipolar sufferers improve with lithium, 67% OCD sufferers improve with capsulotomy, Seyle's model in hospitals to reduce stress
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The Biological Approach Weakness 1
1. Nomothetic- but we know people are different so this produces inaccurate picture of behaviour when generalised.
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The Biological Approach Weakness 2
2. Reductionist. E.g. reduces schizophrenia to being down to dopamine. R.D. Laing says this makes us lose true understanding to the condition.
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The Biological Approach Methodology 1
Brain scans to see brain activity. EEG (REM sleep), PET (Raine- murderers brain), MRI, CAT
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The Biological Approach Methodology 2
Twin studies- e.g. Bouchard and McGue IQ in twins- 86% MZ, 60% DZ, 71% MZ reared apart. Useful in comparing nature and nurture, small sample sizes, even MZ do not share 100%, often same environments.
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The Behaviourist Approach Assumptions
1. Behaviour explained in terms of operant conditioning. 2. Behaviour explained in terms of the SLT.
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The Behaviourist Approach Theory
SLT of aggression by Bandura et al. Aggression is learnt through observational learning and vicarious reinforcement.
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The Behaviourist Approach Therapy
Systematic Desensitisation- Created by Wolphe in 1950's. Learn to relax, create hierarchy. 75% success. Capafons et al treated aerophobics which was successful but also showed it was not 100% and spontaneous recovery is possible.
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The Behaviourist Approach Strength 1
Scientific. Clear variables (e.g. Bobo Doll)- leads to causal.
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The Behaviourist Approach Strength 2
Successful applications. 75% success for SD- improves quality of life.
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The Behaviourist Approach Weakness 1
More relevant to animals. E.g. Skinners box, Pavlov. Can not successfully generalise.
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The Behaviourist Approach Weakness 2
Determinist. Behaviour predetermined by observation/ vicarious reinforcement. Suggests we do not take responsibility.
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The Behaviourist Approach Methodology 1
Lab experiments. E.g. Bobo Doll. Causal relationships, quantitative data, ecological validity, experimenter bias, demand characteristics.
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The Behaviourist Approach Methodology 2
Use of animals in research. E.g. Pavlov, Skinner. No demand characteristics, successful in applications (SD), ethical issues, generalisability.
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The Psychodynamic Approach Assumptions
1. Behaviour explained in terms of tripartite personality. 2. Behaviour explained in terms of different levels of consciousness and ego defence mechanisms.
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The Psychodynamic Approach Theory
Freud's theory of personality development. Core of the personality, psychosexual stages, ego defence mechanisms.
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The Psychodynamic Approach Therapy
Free association. E.g. Anna O. Talking cure, writing cure. Research by Pole and Jones found it useful for neuroses but not psychoses.
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The Psychodynamic Approach Strength 1
Interactionist approach. Looks at both nature (id, ego, superego) and nurture (childhood experiences/ psychosexual stages)
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The Psychodynamic Approach Strength 2
Reflects complexity of human behaviour. E.g. During therapy looks at the cause- reduces risk of symptom substitution.
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The Psychodynamic Approach Weakness 1
Not falsifiable. E.g. Freud said all men have repressed homosexual tendencies. Popper 1935 said you can only prove right by being able to falsify. BUT MacKinnon supported some of Freud's theories.
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The Psychodynamic Approach Weakness 2
Determinist. Says our behaviour is determined by childhood experiences/ id, ego and superego. Suggests no responsibility.
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The Psychodynamic Approach Methodology 1
Case studies. E.g. Little Hans for oedipus complex. Qualitative data, in-depth, appreciates uniqueness, researcher bias/ subjectivity, not generalisable.
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The Psychodynamic Approach Methodology 2
Clinical interviews. E.g. With Anna O case study. Start with structured questions, then unstructured. Encourages communication, qualitative, verbal and non verbal measured, interpretation/ subjective info, not generalisable, leading questions.
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The Cognitive Approach Assumptions
1. Behaviour explained in terms of mental processes. 2. The human mind can be compared to a computer.
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The Cognitive Approach Theory
Attribution theory. Heider 1958- dispositional/ situational attributions. Kelley 1967- Covariation model (consistency, distinctiveness, consensus). McArthur supported Kelley. FAE, observer bias, self-serving bias.
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The Cognitive Approach Therapy
Ellis in 1950's- RET. Mustabatory thinking. ABC model/ ABCD model. Logical , empirical, pragmatic disputing. Unconditioned positive regard 1994. 1957- 90% success. 2001- Not 100% because some people do not put revised beliefs into action.
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The Cognitive Approach Strength 1
Looks at mediational processes that occur between stimulus and response. E.g. Memory looked at Tulving and Psotka- memory recall improved from 50%-70% with recall cues.
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The Cognitive Approach Strength 2
Important contributions. E.g. To developmental psychology- Piaget found children aged 8-9 can only think in concrete forms/ not abstract.
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The Cognitive Approach Weakness 1
Ignores important aspects of both nature and nurture. E.g. Piaget ignores social/cultural factors influencing learning.
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The Cognitive Approach Weakness 2
Mechanistic. E.g. It assumes humans are the same as computers. E.g. Kelley's covariation model. However, there have been exceptions to the attribution process/ humans have emotions.
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The Cognitive Approach Methodology 1
Case studies of brain damaged individuals. E.g. HM. Rare insight, qualitative data, researcher bias, not generalisable.
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The Cognitive Approach Methodology 2
Lab experiments. E.g. Lofus and Palmer weapon effect and leading questions. Causal relationships, extraneous controlled, quantitative data, demand characteristics, ecological validity.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Seyle's GAS model. Stage 1= alarm, stage 2= resistance, stage 3= exhaustion. Seyle backed up his theory with experiments with rats in 1936 who showed the same three stages regardless of stressor placed on them.

Back

The Biological Approach Theory

Card 3

Front

Chemotherapy= the use of psychoactive drugs. Antipsychotics (block dopamine receptors), antidepressants (block serotonin reuptake), antianxiety (increase GABA- BZ's)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

1. Scientific- has clear variables (areas of brain, hormones, neurotransmitters) which can be manipulated to produce causal relationships- help us make predictions about the world.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

2. Successful Applications- 60% bipolar sufferers improve with lithium, 67% OCD sufferers improve with capsulotomy, Seyle's model in hospitals to reduce stress

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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