Psychology; Anomolistic - Studies

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  • Created by: DDOB
  • Created on: 10-05-15 17:06
Diaconis and Mosteller
Factors that can account for the majority of coincidences. Hidden cause, multiple end points, law of truly large numbers.
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Blackmore
Questionnaire in the daily telegraph. Ten statements. if they were true for them. (2.4) imagine stop a stranger and ask the same questions. (3.6)
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Blackmore
asked participants if they believed in the paranormal. compared to non believers. No difference in answers.
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Musch and Ehrenberg
Correlation between paranormal beliefs and error rates on probability reasoning tasks. This correlation disappeared when general cognitive ability was taken into account.
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Skinner
Hungry pigeons in a box. Over time odd behaviour (e.g. one turned anti clockwise) appeared ritualistic. Especially prevalent before arrival of food. Later research failed to replicate. (Positive reinforcement?)
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Maute
Library - Computers made noises. People pressed random buttons. Noise stopped. Next time noise occurred people tried to press button that worked first time (negative reinforcement?)
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Lindeman and Saher
Tested the idea that adults with superstitious beliefs had child like quality. 1000 volunteers, finland. 116 most superstitious and 123 most sceptical. Participants that were superstitious attributed purpose/intention to objects = child like reasonin
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Dudley
Students had to try to solve solvable/unsolvable anagrams. Students in unlovable conditions increased magical thinking. has not been replicated.
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Keinan
Residents in areas under threat of military action during gulf war. scored higher on measures of magical thinking
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Williams
13-16 welsh secondary school. used junior eysenck personality inventory and index of paranormal belief. neuroticism and paranormal beliefs 0.34 correlation. 52.7% believed in ghosts.
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Wiseman and Watt
Single item neuroticism scale 'i tend to worry about life'/ correlated with test of paranormal beliefs. significant correlation found.
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Gianotti
Participants had to think up words which would connect to others. positive correlation between originality of words and paranormal beliefs.
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Radin and Ferrari
Meta analysis, 128 dice throwing studies. 2500 participants and 2.5 million dice rolls. 50.02% in control studies and 51.2 hit rate in experimental studies.
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Bosch
Meta analysis of 380 studies involving a random number generator. small but statistically significant effect, appeared to support PK. studies with most significant results = smallest samples, later studies didn't replicate.
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Milton and Wiseman
Meta analysis of 20 ganzfield studies, 1198 trials found hit rate no more than 25%
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Bem and Honorton
Meta analysis of studies. receivers who were believers in the paranormal, extroverts creative people and those who practised meditation/yoga had a higher hit rate. others found a link between yoga/meditation and ESP.
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Kreiger
higher haemoglobin levels in group with illnesses treated by oscar hestabany, then in control group with similar illnesses. still had higher haemoglobin 1 year later.
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Lyvers
20 participants with chronic back pain. all told psychic focused on them, only focused on treatment group (in a different room with photo of p). pain questionnaire before and after. no significant difference. those that believed, more effect.
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Keller
60 participants with tension headaches. therapeutic touch or placebo. true therapy more significant results.
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Blanke
Electrically stimulated angular brain of epileptic who had lesions on TPJ, caused artificially endured OBE. another study, right TPJ stimulated by transcranial magnetic stimulation=difficulties with perception of body.
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Ehrsson
scrambled visual/touch perception. video display in eyes life from video camera 2 metres behind. ps chest prodded with rod, another rod prodded where chest would be behind. p's felt they were sitting behind body. image threatened=stress reaction.
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Newberg
5 expert/less expert brazilian mediums. scanned whilst writing normally, and psychography. expert mediums had lower level of activity in left hippocampus and frontal lobes. (less expert need to work harder in these areas?)
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Schwartz
5 mediums, 2 women over 40 behind a screen, experienced deaths. only yes or no answers. accuracy 83% and 77%. control group (young) 36%. replicated with no sensory leakage, not accurate.
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RIng
Semi structured interviews, 102 people. feelings of deep peace/ separated from body/tunnel/light/garden.
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Ketamine research
Effects of NDE can be induced by Ketamine, (administered via intravenous injection), produces same blockage in brain as glutamate.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Questionnaire in the daily telegraph. Ten statements. if they were true for them. (2.4) imagine stop a stranger and ask the same questions. (3.6)

Back

Blackmore

Card 3

Front

asked participants if they believed in the paranormal. compared to non believers. No difference in answers.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Correlation between paranormal beliefs and error rates on probability reasoning tasks. This correlation disappeared when general cognitive ability was taken into account.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Hungry pigeons in a box. Over time odd behaviour (e.g. one turned anti clockwise) appeared ritualistic. Especially prevalent before arrival of food. Later research failed to replicate. (Positive reinforcement?)

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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