Psychology A unit 1 -Attatchments research findings

Bowlby

Evolutionary theory of Attatchment.

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Klaus + Kennel

Imprinting occurs in humans. Group 1- routine contact with mother during feeding in 3 days of life.Group 2- extended contact for several hours a day. More bonding between in G2. Concluded mother and baby are sensitive to bond formation. sENSITIVE PER

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Pavlov - Classical Conditioning

Classically conditioned dog to salivate to sound of a bell. 1. UCS -> UCR. 2. UCS+CS -> UCR. 3. CS -> CR.

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Skinner - Operant Conditioning

Placed hungry animals in a skinner box. When animal accidentely pressed leaver, it supplied food. The rat (animal) learn to repeat behaviour.

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Hazan + Shaver

Love Quiz - continuity hypothesis, IWM.

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Harlow

Monkeys - Wire mother that fed, vs cloth mother.

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Shaffer + Emerson

Proved multiple choice. Infants form attachments to those who are most responsive to them, not always those who fed them.

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Ainswoth

Strange Situation test. Secure - 66%. Insecure Avoidant - 22%. Insecure Resistant - 12%.

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De Wolf et al

correlation of 0.24 between sensitivity and attatchment.

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Thomas + Chess

Founds 3 types of temperament which seem to be inbuilt and visible from birth. 1. Easy Babies, 2. Slow to warm up Babies, 3. Difficult Babies (slept irregularly).

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Disorganised Attatchemnts

e.g. first time mother left baby cried, second time they didn't.

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Glasser

Longtitudinal study. Effect of Attatchment type on later childhood. However other factors could cause this.

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Iljendoorn + Kroonenberg

Meta-analysis of SST. E

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Grossman + Grossman - high avoidant in Germany.

Takahashi - high resistant in Japan.

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Robertson + Robertson - 'John'

Disruption. PDD - Protest, Dispair, Disruption. John was put in residential nursery for 9 DAYS.

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Bowlby

Link between early separation and later social and emotional maladjustment. Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis. Theifs, anti social behaviour, affectionless psychopaths.

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Kpluchove (PRIVATION)

Twin Boys in care 0-18 months, returned to father and step mother and locked up - privation. At 7 couldn't speak, malnutrition, beaten. When followed up at 17, had average intelligence and socialable. At 31, no signs of psychological problems.

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Hodges + Tizard

65 children bought in child home until age of 4. No attatchments to staff. They would run to any stranger and cried when stranger left - disinhibited attachment. Rated later as attention seekers, and had difficulties with peer relationships.

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Rutter et al

Longitudinal study. Compared UK born adopted, Romanian born adopted and Romanian born adopted after six month (most disinhibited - 26.1%).

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Anderson, Schindler et al, Clarke-Stewart

Sweden. Children attending childcare are more socialable.

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Dilalla

negative correlation between amount of time spent in nursery and amount of pro social behaviour.

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Campbell et al

18months - 3years. 31 children at child care v 9 at child minder. Before and After. Asked child care provider to describe child's social skill. At 6.5, 8, 15. Those at care between 8am - 6pm less socialable, Those with more, shorter days, more social

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Goldschmeid + Jackson

Key worker system reduces stress levels of child.

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Field

More time in day care, More friends child had.

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Psychology A unit 1 -Attatchments research findings

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