Psychology Unit 2 Key Terms

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  • Created by: layniet84
  • Created on: 20-05-17 18:02
Reliability
Concerns consistency.
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Validity
Concerns legitmacy.
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Internal Reliability
The extent to which something is consistent within itself.
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External Reliability
A measure of consistency over several occasions.
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Test-Retest Reliability
The measure is administered to the same group of people twice.
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Split Half Reliability
Splitting a test into two halves, and comparing the scores in both halves.
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Inter-Rater Reliability
If the measure depends upon interpretation of behaviour, we can compare the results from two or more raters.
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Control
How well the experimenter has controlled the experimental situation.
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Realism
Information from psychological research about how people behave in real life.
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Generalisability
Producing results which can then be generalised beyond the experimental setting.
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External Validity
How well results can be generalised beyond the experimental setting.
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Experimental Validity
Is the study really measuring what it intends?
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Internal Validity
Concerned with whether we can be certain that it was the IV which caused a change in the DV.
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Situational Variables
Anything to do with the environment of the experiment e.g. time of day.
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Participants Variables
Anything to do with differences in the participants e.g. age.
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Investigator Effects
How the behaviour and language of the experimenter may influence the behaviour of participants - also known as experimenter bias.
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Demand Characteristics
Participants searching for cues as to how to behave in an experiment.
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Participants Effects
Participants are aware that they are in an experiment so may behave unnaturally.
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Ecological Validity
How well the experimental situation reflects real life.
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Population Validity
How well the participants used in the experiment represent the general population.
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Confidentiality
The communication of the personal information from one person to another, and the trust that the information will be protected.
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Deception
A participant is not told the true aims of the study and thus cannot give valid consent.
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Privacy
A person's right to control the flow of information about themselves.
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Risk of Harm
During a research study, participants should not experience negative physical or psychological effects beyond what would be normal for them to experience.
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Valid Consent
Participants are given comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the research and their role in it, so they can make an informed decision about whether to participate.
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Standardised Procedures
Using these will ensure that all participants are tested under the same conditions.
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'Screw You' Effect
Participants may decide to go against the experimenter's aims and deliberately act in a way which spoils the experiment.
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Historical Validity
A form of external validity which questions whether the study can be applied to different historical periods.
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Independent Variable
A variable that the experimenter changes during the experiment to see the effect on the dependent variable e.g.numbers to remember as part of a memory test.
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Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured during the experiment e.g. how many numbers were remembered correctly.
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Extraneous Variable
A variable that, if not controlled, may affect the results of an experiment e.g. investigator effects.
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Hawthorne Effect
Participants behaving differently during an experiment as they know they are being watched.
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Double Blind Design
Neither experimenter nor participants know the aim of the study.
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Single Blind Design
The participant does not know the aim of the study.
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Lab Experiment
An experiment conducted in a special environment where variables can be carefully controlled. Participants are aware that they are taking part in an experiment, though they may not know the true aims of the study.
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Field Experiment
An experiment conducted in a more natural environment i.e. in 'the field' (anywhere outside the lab). As with the lab experiment, the IV is still deliberately manipulated by the researcher. Ps are often not aware that they are participating.
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Natural Experiment
In a natural environment, the environment is natural as in a field experiment, but the change in the IV is also 'natural'. The experimenter makes use of a naturally varying IV instead of deliberately manipulating it.
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Quasi Experiment
IV not deliberately manipulated.
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Quasi-Natural Experiment
Naturally occurring IV.
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Quasi-Different Experiment
No IV.
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Hypothesis
Statement of what you believe to be true - prediction: precise and testable. Also called experimental hypothesis or alternative hypothesis.
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Null Hypothesis
Statement of no difference or no relationship between the variables used in order to have a baseline conclusion in studies. Experimenters aim to disprove/reject it.
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Directional Hypothesis
States the kind of difference between two or more conditions or two or more groups of participants. Used when previous research suggests what we might find out.
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Non-Directional Hypothesis
Predicts a difference or a relationship between two variables. Used when never researched before.
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Operationalisation
How a concept/variable is measured/defined - testable form.
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Repeated Measures Design
Same participants in each condition.
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Independent Groups Design
Two (or more) groups of participants, one for each condition.
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Matched Participants Design
Use of independent groups, but each participant in group A is paired with one in group B by matching key variables e.g. IQ.
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Counterbalancing
Ensures that each condition is tested first or second in equal amounts.
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Standard Deviation
The spread of scores around the mean.
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Measures of Central Tendency
Inform us about central values of a set of data.
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Nominal Data
Data in separate categories, such as grouping people according to their favourite football team.
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Ordinal Data
Data ordered in some way e.g. a list of football teams in order of liking by an individual. The 'difference' between each item is not the same.
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Interval Data
Data measured using units of equal intervals, such as when counting correct answers.
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Ratio Data
There is a true zero point as in most measures of physical quantities.
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Correlation
A relationship between two variables.
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Correlation Design
A way to test the relationship between variables - there is no IV or DV, but co-variables.
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Bias
A systematic distortion.
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Sampling
The selection of participants from the sampling frame with the aim of producing a representative selection of people from that group.
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Sampling Frame
The source material from which a sample is drawn.
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Opportunity Sampling
A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study.
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Quota Sampling
Similar to a stratified sample except participants are not selected from strata using a random sampling technique.
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Random Sampling
A sample of participants produced by using a random technique such that every member of the target population being tested has an equal chance of being selected.
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Self-Selected Sampling
A sample of participants that relies solely on volunteers to make up the sample.
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Snowball Sample
Relies on referrals from initial participants to generate additional participants.
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Stratified Sampling
A sample of participants produced by identifying subgroups according to their frequency in the target population. Participants are then selected randomly from the subgroups.
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Systematic Sampling
A sample obtained by selecting every nth person.
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Target Population
The group of people that the researcher is interested in. The group of people from whom a sample is drawn. The group of people about whom generalisations can be made.
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Behavioural Categories
Dividing a target behaviour e.g. stress into a subset of specific or operationalised behaviours.
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Covert Observation
When a participant is unaware of being observed. The observer may watch through a one-way mirror or be hidden in some other way.
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Event Sampling
An observational technique in which a count is kept of the number of times a certain behaviour occurs.
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Non-Participant Observation
The observer is separate from the people being observed.
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Participant Observation
Observations made by someone who is also participating in the activity being observed, which may affect their objectivity.
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Social Desirability Bias
A distortion in the way people answer questions - they tend to answer in such a way that presents themselves in a better light.
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Time Sampling
An observational technique in which the observer records behaviours in a given time frame e.g. noting what an individual is doing every 15 seconds. The observer may select one or more behavioural categories to tick at this interval.
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Closed Question
Questions that have a pre-determined range of answers. Produce quantitative data.
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Open Question
Produce qualitative data and offer the participant the opportunity to answer in any way they wish in terms of thoughts, feelings, opinions, etc.
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Leading Question
These are biased questions that may influence the response of the participant.
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Structured Interview
Has pre-determined questions i.e. a questionnaire that is deliver face to face. Collects quantitative data.
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Semi-Structured Interview
This is similar to a clinical interview where interviewers will ask some pre-determined questions but then allows the respondents answers to guide the rest of the interview.
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Unstructured Interview
This is very much like a 'natural' conversation. The researcher has a particular focus but will ask questions based on the answers given by the respondent.
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Questionnaire
A set of written, standardised questions.
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Rapport
Building a relationship with participants encourages them to trust the researcher and consequently they will feel more comfortable about sharing personal information which increases validity.
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Diary Study
A participant will record a daily review of their behaviours/emotions/thoughts and then are interviewed about the contents.
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Content/Thematic Analysis
A technique for systematically describing written, spoken or visual information in a quantitative form.
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Concurrent Validity
Involves comparing a new method or test with an already well established one that claims to measure the same variables. A high positive correlation should be gained between the results of the two tests.
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Face/Content Validity
Involves examining the content of the test to see if it looks like it measures what it is supposed to measure.
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Construct Validity
Refers to whether the test or method can be used to support the underlying theoretical constructs concerning the variable that it is supposed to be measuring.
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Predictive Validity
Refers to whether the test will predict future performance indicated by its results.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Concerns legitmacy.

Back

Validity

Card 3

Front

The extent to which something is consistent within itself.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A measure of consistency over several occasions.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The measure is administered to the same group of people twice.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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