psychology - studies and experiments - attachment

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  • Created by: AlMaSin
  • Created on: 06-03-18 16:50
BOWLBY
44 thieves study // 44 accused and 44 not accused from child guidance clinic London // thieves interviewed for affectionless psychopathy // all interviewed for maternal deprivation // thieves = 32% aff.pysch. and 86% of those had separation vs. 4%
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ROBERTSON - MATERNAL DEPRIVATION EVAL
concluded that substitute emotional care within hospitals etc. can prevent the harmful effects of separation
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LEWIS - MATERNAL DEPRIVATION EVAL
replicated BOWLBY'S 44 THIEVES and found no link suggesting BOWLBY'S may have been biased
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BARRETT - MATERNAL DEPRIVATION EVAL
found that securely attached children coped better with separation than insecurely attached children
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RUTTER - MATERNAL DEPRIVATION EVAL
'BOWBLY wasnt clear about the difference between privation and deprivation'
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RUTTER
165 Romanian orphans adopted into the UK // adopted before six months = 102 [best] IQ // adopted after 6 months = disinhibited attachment // children can recover from institutionalisation if removed before 6 months of age
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LA MARE ET AUDET
36 romanian orphans adopted into Canada // physically smaller than others at 4.5 years old but the same by 10.5 years // initial growth delay from deprivation can be recovered from
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MYRON-WILSON ET SMITH '98
196 7-11 year olds // "separation anxiety test", "parenting styles questionnaire" and "participant roles scale" // secure = uninvolved in bullying // ins.avoid. = victims // ins.resist. = bullies // supports continuity hypothesis
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HAZAN ET SHAVER '87
620 responses to 'love quiz' printed in local newspaper // secure = 56% = longer lasting relationships // ins.avoid. = 25% = doubt loves existence // ins.resist. = 19% = fall in love easily + abandonment issues // supports continuity hypothesis
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SIMPSON ET AL - PREDICTIVE VALIDITY EVAL
conducted a longitudinal study and found securely attached children tended to have a higher social competence and were closer to friends later in life
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ZIMMERMAN ET AL - PREDICTIVE VALIDITY EVAL
argued that life events may change a persons attachment type so it isnt deterministic
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WATERS ET AL - PREDICTIVE VALIDITY EVAL
found that 44% of people changed their attachment type due to negative life events such as the loss of a parent
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MURRAY ET TRAVARTHEN - RECIPROCITY SUPPORT
2 month olds // interacted with mother via a video monitor in real time // mother stopped responding = infants showed distress
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MELTZOFF ET MOORE - INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY SUPPORT
2 week olds // an adult displayed 3 facial expressions // infants filmed by independent observer // infant is mirroring adult // interactional synchrony is innate
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CROTWELL ET AL - INTERACTIONS EVAL
found that parent-child interaction therapy improved interactional synchrony and children were coded as offering their parents more toys
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LE VINE - INTERACTIONS EVAL
he found that despite Kenyan mothers spending very little time with their children and minimal contact, the children were still securely attached
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SCHAFFER ET EMERSON -STAGES OF ATTACHMENT SUPPORT
mother reported infants behaviour in 7 separation situation and stranger anxiety assessed every month for 12 months and again at 18 months // 60 glasgow infants // 65% primarily attached to mother at 6-8 months // 3% to dads // quality not quantity
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THOMAS - STAGES OF ATTACHMENT EVAL
argues children need various attachments to meet their growing needs rather than one primary attachment
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LAMB - ROLE OF THE FATHER EVAL
evidence that fathers will adopt mother typical behaviours when placed in the role of primary caregiver
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PARKE - ROLE OF THE FATHER EVAL
argued fathers are equally as good at understanding the childs cues as mothers are
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SCHAFFER ET EMERSON - ROLE OF THE FATHER EVAL
its the quality of the relationship which matters the most in child attachment, not the quantity of time spent with them or the gender of the caregiver
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BOWLBY - ROLE OF THE FATHER EVAL
law of accumulated separation may cause mothers to stay off work which has economic implications and forces the father into the role of primary caregiver
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AINSWORTH
strange situation//8 episodes each lasting 3 minutes//12-18 month old americans//secure=70%=secure base=moderate distress=joy on reunion//ins.avoid.=20%=low distress=explore freely//ins.resist.=10%=high distress=seek+resist//innate//responsiveness
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TAKAHASHI - TYPES OF ATTACHMENT EVAL
he found it didnt work in Japan as mothers are so rarely separated from their children that they all showed extreme distress and rushed to their children on reunion so childs behaviour was hard to assess
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MAIN ET SOLOMAN - TYPES OF ATTACHMENT EVAL
analysed 200 strange situation videotapes and found type D (15%) insecure disorganised who showed no coherent strategy to cope with stress
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VAN IJZENDOORN '88
meta analysis of 32 AINSWORTH studies in 8 countries // overall - secure = 67% - ins.avoid. = 21% - ins.resist. = 12% // variation within was 1.5x greater than between // secure is the norm // global pattern similar to US
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LORENZ '35
cond.1 = gosling eggs left with mother // cond.2 = gosling eggs saw LORENZ first // each followed respective 'mothers' // imprinting is irreversible and affects sexual imprinting // critical period // attachment has an evolutionary advantage
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GUITON - LORENZ EVAL
found that leghorn chicks exposed to a glove at birth imprinted upon it but later engaged in normal mating behaviour when reintroduced into own breed
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HARLOW '59
cond.1 = cloth mother gave milk // cond.2 = wire mother gave milk // monkeys spent most time with cloth mother // clung to cloth when frightened // were more aggressive and bred less often as adults // 90 day critical period // care + contact comfort
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LORENZ - MONOTROPIC THEORY EVAL
he found that attachment was innate with his imprinting studies and that is has evolutionary value
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HAZAN ET SHAVER - MONOTROPIC THEORY EVAL
predictive validity of childhood attachment influencing adult romantic relationships
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SIMPSON ET AL - MONOTROPIC THEORY EVAL
found that securely attached children were happier, more expressive and more emotionally attached as adults
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THOMAS - MONOTROPIC THEORY EVAL
he argued that a child needs various attachments to meet its growing needs rather than one primary attachment
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HARLOW - LEARNING THEORY EVAL
its contact comfort rather than attachment through reinforcing behaviours which causes us to attach
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LORENZ - LEARNING THEORY EVAL
imprinting in animals occurs before they are fed within the first few hours of birth meaning attachment is innate rather than learned
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HAY ET VESPO - LEARNING THEORY EVAL
proposed that attachment is developed through children modelling and imitating parental attachment behaviour who then reward this behaviour when shown in the infants
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

concluded that substitute emotional care within hospitals etc. can prevent the harmful effects of separation

Back

ROBERTSON - MATERNAL DEPRIVATION EVAL

Card 3

Front

replicated BOWLBY'S 44 THIEVES and found no link suggesting BOWLBY'S may have been biased

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

found that securely attached children coped better with separation than insecurely attached children

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

'BOWBLY wasnt clear about the difference between privation and deprivation'

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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