Unconsciously attracted to mother and jealous of father. Scared his father will castrate him when he finds out his feelings. Gives up feelings and identifies w/ mother. Begins to behave like father and adopts masculine gender.
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Freud (1909) SUMMARY
investigate Little Hans' phobia / age 4 = horse phobia / scared might bite / especially large white horses w black harnesses / dad wrote to Freud / unconsciously sexually desired mother / father rival / displaced fear / respresented w moustache
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Perry & Bussey hypothesis
In condition 1, they'll copy same sex. Whereas in condition 2, there'll be a mixture of girls & boys doing each activity.
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What kind of people are most likely to be role models?
Powerful people e.g. teachers, siblings / people who are similar to them e.g. same sex parent, friends / loving & caring people e.g. parents and teachers
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Define SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Gender is learnt from watching and copying the behaviour of others. Includes modelling, imitation and vicarious reinforcement.
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Define MODELLING
a role model provides an example for the child
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What is imitation?
Copying behaviour of a model
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What is meant by vicarious reinforcement?
learning from the model's being either punished or rewarded
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Male chromosome
XY
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Female chromosome
**
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Define schema
A cognitive framework that helps us to organise and interpret information
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What is gender schema?
A mental building block of knowledge that contains info about each gender. We've gathered this info from experiences we've had and they can CHANGE OVER TIME
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What does it mean by 'highly gender schematised'?
Our way of thinking about the world is organised according to what is gender appropriate/inappropriate.
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Phallic stage
Freud's third stage of psychosexual development, where gender development happens
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Define SEX IDENTITY
a BIOLOGICAL term. A child's sex can be identified by their hormones & chromosomes. This determines where the child's sex identity is m or f.
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define GENDER IDENTITY
a PSYCHOLOGICAL term. A child's gender can be identified by their attitudes and behaviour. This determines whether the child's gender identity is m or f.
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Williams (1975) - SUMMARY
tv effects on development / kids in Canada / given TV at start for 1st time / other towns already had tv / measured attitudes at start and 2 yrs later / now tv = more sex stereotyped than 2 years before / gender learnt by imitating stuff on tv
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What is meant by the term 'gender stereotypes'?
Believing that all males are the same, and all female are the same
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Define 'gender role'
Behaviour seen as masculine or feminine by a particular culture
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What is 'gender disturbance'?
Not developing the gender identity usually associated with one's sex
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What is 'identification'?
Adopting the attitudes and behaviour of the same-sex parent
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Evaluation of gender schema theory of gender development
Doesn't explain why some kids are more highly gender schematised // why gender develops at age 2
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